专四语法及词汇考点.ppt
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1、专四语法及词汇考点,语法考点,从句:状语从句,名词性从句,关系从句非谓语动词:不定时,动名词,分词虚拟语气时态其他:比较级,倒装句,主谓一致,附加疑问句,词汇考点,异形近义词和同义词,近形异义词,异形异义词搭配习语代词,从句-状语从句,让步状语从句 1)though,although,even if/though引导的让步状语从句_,Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.A.Although he is a socialistB.Even if he is a socialistC.Being a socialistD.
2、Since he is a socialist,2)as引导的让步状语从句(1)as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装 eg.Fail as he did,he would never give up.(2)作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时,该名词前不可加冠词 eg.Fool as is Jane,she could not have done such thing.(3)as从句的主语是代词时,主谓不需倒装;如果主语是名词时,则要倒装 eg.Difficult as it was,they finished it in time.Difficult as was the work,they fini
3、shed it in time.,_ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend,he had to stay behind to finish his assignment.A.Much though B.Much asC.As much D.Though much,3)while引导的让步状语从句“尽管,虽然”,while表达并列的转折,即主句与从句的工作是在同一时间发生的。While引导的从句通常放在主句之前_ I sympathize,I cant really do very much to help them out of
4、 the difficulties.A.As long as B.AsC.While D.Even,4)no matter how/what/when与however,whatever引导的让步状语从句_ the boss says,it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A.Whatever B.WheneverC.Whichever D.However,比较状语从句一般由as和than引导(构成同级比较或比较级)eg.It is easier than I thought.I havent done as much
5、 as I should have liked.,条件状语从句引导词主要为if,unless,provided/providing that,so/as long as,on condition that,suppose/supposing that,in the event that,whether or not eg.This is an illness that can result in total blindness if left untreated.,时间状语从句1)when与while引导的时间状语从句 when表示“当的时候”,指一个时间点(段)的动作 while表示“在的同
6、时”,只能表示持续性的动作或状态,不能表示一段时间的短暂的动作 eg.While Tom was reading,Jack was writing.,2)Hardly/Scarcelywhen和No soonerthan引导的时间状语从句 The couple had no sooner got to the station _ the coach left.A.when B.asC.until D.than,3)the minute/moment/day,the first/second/last time,each/every/next time等引导的时间状语从句 eg.Next tim
7、e you come to Beijing,you must visit the museum.,4)since表示“自从”,从句要用非延续性动词,主句用完成时态;till/until表示“直到”,用于肯定句时,主句用延续性动词;用于否定句时,主句可以使用非延续性动词(注:till不能用于句首)eg.Since he lived in Nanjing,I have not heard from him.I will wait here until the concert is over.,结果状语从句1)so/suchthat引导的结果状语从句 so+a./ad.such+n.so+a.+a(
8、an)+n.so+much/many/few/little+n.2)with the result that引导的结果状语从句 eg.The Eskimo language is,therefore,one of the most difficult in the world to learn,with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it.,原因状语从句 in that和on the ground(s)that引导的原因状语从句 eg.He was elected as the p
9、resident on the grounds that he had contributed a lot to the company.,地点状语从句 eg.Ill take you anywhere you like.方式状语从句主要由as引导的方式状语从句 She did her work _ her manager had instructed.A.as B.until C.when D.though,从句-关系从句,限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 1)非限定性定语从句中,引导词和先行词之间需要用逗号隔开 2)限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分;非限定性定语从句只起补充说明的作用,有
10、无对句意影响不大 3)非限定性定语从句中,引导词一般不用that,which和that1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略 eg.It is the only thing(that)we can do for you.2)先行词是不定代词时,只能用that引导 eg.Thats all that I could do at that moment.3)先行词是不定代词,表人时(anyone,anybody,someone),关系代词多用who或whom,不用that eg.Is there anyone here who can dance?,4)先行词被形容词最高级及first,last
11、,only,very,no等修饰时,关系代词常用that,不用which/who/whom eg.He is the only person that I dislike in our class.5)有两个或两个以上的先行词,兼指人和物时,关系代词用that eg.A victim is a person,animal or thing that suffers pain,death,harm,etc.,as 1)as同such,that same,as(so)连用,引导限定性定语从句 eg.Such people as wish to leave may do so now.2)引导非限定
12、性定语从句时,与which的区别(1)as引导的从句位置较灵活;which引导的从句只能放在主句后 eg.The telephone,as we all know,was the invention of Bell.(2)as后如果是被动语态,其中的be动词可省略;which后的be动词则不能 eg.Football and baseball,as played in the United States today,are basically modifications of games that originated in England.,where=in/at which This co
13、mpany has now introduced a policy _ pay rises are related to performance at work.A.which B.whereC.whether D.what,whose与名词搭配,可以引导定语从句,在句中作主语或宾语;可以指人也可以指物 eg.The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied,prep.+whom;which+to do作后置定语时,相当于一个定语从句。若将介词还原后置,则需省略whom或which,即成为不定式短语 eg.She is a pleasant gi
14、rl with whom to work.She is a pleasant girl to work with.,从句-名词性从句,同位语从句1)能接同位语从句的名词有:answer,belief,certainty,concept,conclusion,decision,discovery,doubt,evidence,explanation,fact,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,problem,promise,statement,suggestion,thought,probability,etc.同位语从句多由that引导,疑问
15、代词who,which,what和疑问副词where,when,how,why也可以 eg.It is the question where we should have dinner.,2)在结构on the assumption that,on the condition that,despite the fact that,on the understanding that,etc.中,也可以用同位语从句 eg.Jack lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month.,非谓语动词,非谓语动词也叫动词的非限定形式,
16、他们不可以在句中单独做谓语,也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词既有动词的特点,又有非动词的特点(代替名词或形容词)。,非谓语动词-作主语,不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语,分词不可以。不定式表示具体或一次性动作,动名词表示一般或抽象的多次动作 _ is not a serious disadvantage in life.A.To be not tall B.Not to be tallC.Being not tall D.Not being tall,不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语,但在含有no,-less等否定词的句子里,常用动名词作主语 eg.It is useless
17、talking with her.如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词,两者应保持同样的形式 eg.To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.,非谓语动词-作宾语,分词不可以在句中充当宾语1)只能接动名词的动词:abandon,advocate,acknowledge,enjoy,appreciate,risk,pardon,resist,forgive,mind,tolerate,suggest,etc.2)只能接不定式的动词:aim,ask,agree,claim,endeavor,bother,fail,long,pretend,plan,refuse,t
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