专升本专题讲座-英语词类转换翻译.ppt
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1、专升本专题讲座词类转换与英汉互译,试题要求应试技巧实例分析,词类转换试题要求,词类转换(或词形转换)试题主要考查考生正确、熟练地使用词汇的能力,其形式主要通过词性转换,即通过正确使用词性(名词、动词、形容词、副词等)或正确的构词法(前缀、后缀等),使构词正确、恰当,句意完整、连贯。,词性转换,词性转换指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词形式:1.名词转化为动词:order(n v 命令);seat(n 座位 v就座);water(n 水 v 浇水);shoulder(n 肩膀 v 负责任);time(n 时间-v 计时)2.动词转化为名词:try(v 尝试 n 尝试);look(v 看 n 表情
2、);swim(v 游泳 n 游泳);dream(v 做梦 n 梦),3.形容词转化为动词:dirty(adj 脏的 v 弄脏);slow(adj 慢的 v 放慢;减慢);right(adj 正确的 v 纠正);dry(adj 干的 v 变干);free(adj 自由的 v 解放;使自由);wrong(adj 错误的 v 弄错;受委屈)4.形容词转化为名词:dear(adj 昂贵的 n 喜欢的人/物);quiet(adj 寂静的 n 寂静);total(adj 全部的 n 总数),构词法,合成词:override,heartbroken,green-hand,ever-lasting,mothe
3、r-in-law,parkinglot派生词:resposibility,enlarge,shorten,imcompatible,disarm,asleep,unsuitable,合成词,合成形容词,数词+名词a five-year plan;first-class products;second-hand goods;a four-letter word数词+名词+eda three-legged bench;a one-eyed camel数词+名词+形容词a 20-year-old lady;a 1,000-metre-long bridge 名词+现在分词peace-loving;m
4、eat-eating;English-speaking;history-making名词+过去分词heart-broken;man-made;state-owned;water-covered,形容词+名词+edabsent-minded;blue-eyed;good-tempered;kind-hearted形容词+现在分词bad-looking;fine-sounding;easy-going 形容词+名词short-term;part-time;high-class;large-scale副词+现在分词hard-working;far-reaching;ever-lasting 副词+过
5、去分词well-developed;well-known;well-trained其他构词形式的合成形容词all-round;face-to-face;thank-you;out-of-date,合成名词,名词+名词silkworm;footprint;newspaper;glasshouse;bedroom;she-wolf;sandstorm名词+动名词handwriting;sun-bathing;sight-seeing 形容词+名词shorthand;hotline;blackboard;coldwar动名词+名词waiting-room;sleeping-pill;writing-
6、desk;reading-room,动词+名词pickpocket;post office;playground;water-ski动词+副词get-together;break-through;take-off;lookout副词+动词downfall;overthrow;outbreak;income;outside;其他构成形式的合成名词well-being;good-for-nothing;by-product;touch-me-not(含羞草);self-improvement;self-criticism;hardnose,派生是指由一个词根加上前缀和(或)后缀构成另一个词的构词形
7、式。,word,词根:如 depend,call,light,前缀+词根:如 enlist,belittle,前缀+词根+后缀:如 independent,irresponsible,派生词,常见的英文前缀及其含义,a,an-无,不,非:astable不稳定的,acentric无中心的,atypical 含有in,on,at,by,with,to等意义:asleep,ahead,alive ab-脱离:abnormal,absent;abstract;abmind;abuseAnti-反抗:antiwar,anti-imperialist,anti-virusauto-自动autobiogra
8、phy,autostable,automobile;autonomous be-使加强:belittle;befriend,becalm;bethink(反思)bi-二,双:biweekly;bilingual;bicycle;binoculars(双筒望远镜),co,col,com,con,cor 共同:cooperation/collaboration,combine,correlation,coherent,co-occurrencecounter,contra反,对应:counteract;contrast,counterpart di,dif,dis否定,相反:diffident不自
9、信 dislike,disagree en,em使:enlarge,enable,empowere,ex 外,出:external,erupt,extensive,extend extra以外,超过:extraordinary,extra-solar,extra-charge hyper 在上,超:hyper-frequency超高频 hypersonic;hypermarket il,im,in,ir否定:illogical,impossible,invisible,irrational,illegalinter互相:interchange,interlock连锁,international
10、,mal恶,不良:maltreat,malfunction,malformationmicro微:microscope,microware,microphone;microsoft mid 中,中间:midair,midstream,Midway Island mini 小:minibus;mini-state,miniskirtmis错,坏:misspell,mispronounce,misleadmulti 多:multiparty;multilingual,multiple-choice non否定:nonsmoker,nonexistent,nonsense,nonfiction,no
11、nstandardout超出:outgo,outgrow;outdoor,out-root,outer-space,outlawover上,过度:overwork,overeat;oversleep;overdo,post后:postwar,postgraduate,postscript pre前,领先:prewar,prefix,prehistoryre回,再:return,restart,regain,renew semi半:semicircle,semiconductor,semispheresub,suc,suf,sup次,亚,低于:substandard,suffix,supplem
12、ent,successiontrans 转换,越过:transmit,transatlantic,transmission,transplant,transportationtri 三:tricycle,triangle,trinity(三位一体)un 否定:unstable,unknown,unfairunder下,内,不足:underground,underskirt,underpay,underwearuni单一:uniform,uni-polar,unity,常见英文单词的后缀及其含义,able,ible 能的:readable,sensible,eatableage 状态,性质,行为
13、:breakage,shortage,storage al(adj)具有性质的:personal,regional,national,functional,politicalal(n)表动作,人,事物:proposal,professional,arrival ance,ence 状态,性质:confidence,assistance,maintenance,patienceancy,ency 状态,行为:constancy,urgency,emergency,presidencyant,ent 表人,物,行为:applicant,correspondent,servant arian 人:h
14、umanitarian,politician,vegetarian,ative 多,充满:imaginative,talkative,activeation(n)性质,状态:declaration,hesitation,explorationcide杀:suicide,insecticide,bactericide除菌剂dom 性质状态,行为:freedom,wisdom,kingdom ee 表动作的承受者:employee,trainee,enlistee,refugee,absenteeeer 从事的人:pioneer,volunteer,profiteeren(v)使变成:harden
15、,shorten,blacken,whiten en(adj)有质的,似:golden,woolen,woodener,or 人,物:singer,survivor,footballer,actor ery 状态,性质,行为:nursery,robbery,slavery,bakery面包房,cookery烹饪法,ese 人及语言:Chinese,Japanese,Portuguese,journalese新闻文体 ess 表女性,雌性:hostess,actress,stewardess,tigeressful 充满的:cupful,fearful,dreadful,hopefulhood身
16、份,状况,性质:neighborhood,manhood,womanhood,childhood boyhood/girlhood,brotherhood ic,ical 类似的:heroic,logical,identicalify 使成,使化:magnify,purify,beautify ion/tion 状态,性质:fashion,decision,action ish 似的,有的:selfish,childish,foolish,womanish做女人状的,reddish ism 表示主义,行为,学派:realism,tourism,fatalism,modernism,social
17、ism,ist 从事人:socialist,dentist,pianist,guitarist,machinist,novelist,linguistive性质的:protective,productive,descriptive,extensive,expensiveize,ise,yze/yse 化:realize,analyze,modernize,popularize,legalize,globalize,localizeless无:fearless,useless,painless,careless,homeless,powerless,tireless,countless,endl
18、ess let 小:booklet,leaflet,pigletlike 有性质的:dreamlike,humanlike,childlikelogy 论,研究:biology,technology,psychology,sociologyly 有特性的:manly,womanly,lovely,motherly,fatherly,brotherly,ment状态,性质:movement,argument,management,government,developmentness 表状态,性质:darkness,kindness,goodness,ous,eous,ious 充满的:dange
19、rous,famous,spacious,ship身份,技能:hardship,workmanship,professorship,dictatorship,partnership,scholarship,some充满:troublesome,fearsome,lonesomester 表示人:youngster,gangsterward(s)方 向:upward(s),outward(s),forwards,backwards,downwards,inwards,leftwards,rightwards,northwards,homewards-y(adj)充满,包含:hairy,irony
20、,noisy,sunny,能改变词根词性的三个前缀,英语中的词缀(affix)分为前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)。后缀一般不会改变词根(root)的语义,只会改变词根的词性;而前缀基本上不影响词根的词性和其它语法范畴,只是对词根的语义加以修饰或限制。然而,任何事情都有例外,英语中有三个前缀能改变词根的词性,它们分别是en-(在p,b,m前用em-),be-和a-,en-加在一些名词前面,能够使该名词变为相应的动词,意思是“使处于状态,使成为”,如:enslave(v.奴役),embody(v.体现),enforce(v.迫使),encircle(v.包围),encage(v.关禁闭
21、),encamp(v.扎营),empower(v.使能够),enrage(v.使生气),enrapture(v.使欣喜若狂),entitle(v.冠名),enlist(v.服兵役),entangle(v.使缠绕),endanger(v.使处于危险之中,en-也可以与形容词相结合,使该形容词变为动词,如:,enlarge(v.放大),ennoble(v.使高贵),embitter(v.使痛苦),endear(v.使受喜爱),ensure(v.担保),enrich(使富裕),enable(v.使能够),某些形容词或名词的后面加-en可变为相应的动词,如:,awake-awaken,less-les
22、sen,sad-sadden,broke-brokenbright-brighten,dark-darken,fat-fatten,broad-broadenwide-widen,hard-harden,soft-soften,loose-loosentight-tighten,black-blacken,white-whiten,short-shortenlong-lengthen,strength-strengthen,light-lighten,fright-frighten,be-可以加在名词、形容词之前,使其成为相应的动词,如:,befriend(v.把当作朋友),becloud(v
23、.遮蔽,弄乱),benumb(v.使麻木),becalm(v.使平静),belittle(v.贬低),befool(v.欺骗,愚弄),besiege(v.包围),be-也可以加在名词之前,使其成为带-ed的形容词,常带有轻蔑之意,如:,bespectacled(adj.带眼镜的),becalmed(adj.因无风而停止不动的)benighted(adj.不觉天黑了的,愚昧无知的),bedrabbled(adj.被雨和泥弄脏了的),a-主要用来使动词、名词变成表语性形容词,如:,asleep(adj.睡着的)astray(adj.误入歧途的)astir(adj.动起来,激动起来)afire(ad
24、j.燃烧着的)aflame(adj.着火的,燃烧的)afoot(adj.在进行中,活动着,徒步的)alive(adj.活着的,在世的)awake(adj.醒着的)aloof(adj.远离的,冷漠的),二、解题技巧,1.确定空缺词汇的词类与词义:认真仔读懂题的大意,以确定句中空格处和括号中词汇的词义与词性。如:The first phase involved the _(preserve)of wild life through laws and hunting regulations 本句的大意是:第一阶段通过立法和捕猎管理来保护野生动物。括号中的preserve的词义是“保护”,词性为动词。
25、空格出应用其名词形式preservation2.掌握各类词性词汇的语法功能:明确各类词性的词汇在句中的语法功能是什么,然后根据句意及语法知识,确定空格中需要填什么词性及什么意义的词,再确定使用前缀与后缀。一般来说,名词在句中作主语、宾语或表语;动词在句中一般作谓语;形容词在句中作定语,修饰名词,作表语时置在系表动词后面,或作宾语补足语;副词一般在句中修饰动词或形容词。如上述例句,preserve为动词,判断该词应转换成名词,因此空格部分应填写该词的名词形式preservation。,3.确定前缀或后缀 判断所给词在句中意义是否连贯,从而确定是否需要使用否定意义的前缀或后缀。如:When l a
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