中山大学软件学院计算机组成原理与接口技术课件——ch1.ppt
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1、THE 80 x86 IBM PC AND COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS,Principles of Computer Organization and Interfacing,Feature of the Course,Major Basic CourseSpecialized Course,Preliminary knowledge,C LanguageDigital Circuit,The lesson includes four parts,computer organization,computer architecture,assembly language progr
2、amming,80 x86 PC interfacing.The computer organization The computer architecture The instruction functions with Intel family of microprocessors Basic I/O interface Interrupts Direct Memory Access(DMA),What will we learn?,Application Industry Control Transaction Processing CAD/CAM Education and Learn
3、ing Home Entertainment Computation of Science and Project Artificial Intelligence,THE x86 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE,DESIGN,AND INTERFACING.5th Edition,Muhammad Ali Mazidi,ISBN 978-7-121-09770-6 电子工业出版社,Textbook,1.微机原理、汇编语言及接口技术,周杰英、张萍等编,人民邮电出版社 2.The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088,80186/80188,80286,80386,P
4、entium,Architecture,Programming,and Interfacing(Seventh Edition),Barry B.Brey 3.微机原理与接口技术(第2版),朱晓华等编著,电子工业出版社 4.Computer Organization(Fifth Edition)Carl Hamacher ISBN 7-111-10346-7 机械工业出版社,References,5.计算机组成与体系结构(美)Linda Null 著 黄河等译 机械工业出版社 6.计算机组成原理(第2 版)唐朔飞 编著 高等教育出版社,References,THE 80 x86 IBM PC
5、AND COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS,Chapter 0 Introduction to Computing,Main Content,CHAPTER 0,Convert any number from base 2,base 10,or base 16 to any other two bases Add and subtract binary and hex numbers binary number in 2s complement ASCII code Definitions of KB,MB,GB,TB Digital Primer Architecture of Mic
6、roprocessor,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,Converting from decimal to binary,CHAPTER 0,Example 0-1 Convert 2510 to binary.Solution:Quotient Remainder25/2=12 1 LSB(Least significant bit)12/2=6 06/2=3 03/2=1 11/2=0 1 MSB(most significant bit)Therefore,2510=110012.,Converting from binary to decim
7、al,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,CHAPTER 0,Example 0-2 Convert 110012 to decimal.Solution:Weight:16 8 4 2 1 Digits:1 1 0 0 1 Sum:16+8+0 0 1=2510,Example 0-3 Use the concept of weight to convert 3910 to binary.Solution:Weight:32 16 8 4 2 1 Digits:1 0 0 1 1 1 Sum:32+0+0+4+2+1=39,CHAPTER 0,Sec.0
8、.1 Numbering and coding systems,In each base,when onemore is added to thehighest digit,that digit becomes zero.A 1 is carried to the next-highest digit position.,Table 0-2 shows the relationship between all three bases in the sequence of numbers from 0 to 31 in decimal,with equivalent binary&hex num
9、bers.,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,Converting number from base R to base 10,CHAPTER 0,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,Converting number from base 10 to base R When convert number from base 10 to base R,the integer and decimal fraction need to be calculatedrespectively.Dividing the integ
10、er by R repeatedly,keeping track of the remainders,this process continues until the quotient becomes zero.,CHAPTER 0,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,Converting number from base 10 to base R Multiplying decimal by R repeatedly,keeping the integer,this process continues until the product is zero
11、ordepending on the request.,CHAPTER 0,integer),Expression of the signed number,CHAPTER 0,The most significant digit(MSB)denotes the sign,the other digits are aside for the magnitude of the number.If the MSB=1,it denotes negative,If the MSB=0,it denotes positive.+81=01010001-81=11010001 A 8 bits bina
12、ry number(0000000011111111)is one of the numbers(0255)for unsigned,(-128127)for signed.,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,Expression of the signed number,CHAPTER 0,For a positive,the 1s complement and 2s complement are same as the signedmagnitude representatio
13、n.For a negative,the 1s complement and 2s complement can be gotten as following:1s complement Changing all 1s and 0s to 0s and 1s.2s complement Invert all the bits and then add 1 to the result.,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,CHAPTER 0,Because all information in the computer must be represented
14、 by 0s&1s,binary patterns must be assigned to letters and other characters.In the 1960s,a standard representation called ASCII was established.Named for the American Standard Code forInformation InterchangeIt assigns binary patterns for numbers 0 to 9,andall English alphabet letters,upper-and lower-
15、case.Also many control codes&punctuation marks.,ASCII code,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,ASCII code,CHAPTER 0,ASCII code is used by most computers,so information can be shared among them.ASCII uses a total of 7 bits to represent each code.,Sec.0.1 Numbering and coding systems,ASCII code,CHAPT
16、ER 0,Sec.0.2 Inside the computer,Some important terminology,CHAPTER 0,Bit 1 bitNibble 4 bitsByte 8 bitsWord 16 bitsKilobyte 210 bytesMegabyte 220 bytesGigabyte 230 bytesTerabyte 240 bytes,Computer Architecture,Computer architecture refers to those attributes of the system that are visible to a progr
17、ammer-those attributes that have a direct impact on the execution of a program Instruction sets Number of bits used for data representation Addressing techniques I/O mechanisms e.g.Is there a multiply instruction?,Computer Organization,We will use computer organization to mean the underlying impleme
18、ntation of the architectureTransparent to the programmerAn architecture can have a number of organizational implementations,Control signalsInterfacesmemory technology.e.g.Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?,Architecture&Organization,All Intel x86 family share the sa
19、me basic architectureThe IBM System/370 family share the same basic architectureThis gives code compatibility At least backwardsOrganization differs between different versions,What Is A Computer?,Historically,a computer was a job title,not a piece of equipment!Requirements of a computer:Process data
20、Store dataMove data between the computer and the outside worldControl the operation of the above,Operations(1)Data movement,Operations(2)Storage,Operations(3)Processing from/to storage,Operations(4)Processing from/to I/O,Computer Structure,Simplest possible depiction of a computer,Computer Structure
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