预期管理理论简介.ppt
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1、预期管理理论简介,李拉亚华侨大学经济发展与改革研究院2016年11月,演讲提纲,引言早期思想重点讲解政策透明正式问世重点讲解预期管理的实质思想和特点非常规货币政策重点讲解前瞻性指导常规货币政策中国的预期管理1990年代中国的预期管理重点讲解2016年提出的强硬型预期管理理论本报告的前身是2011年我在央行做的有关预期管理的学术报告,该报告后整理成文,见李拉亚(2011),是本报告的附件。本报告补充了预期管理最近5年的新内容,这也是今天报告的重点。,引言:为什么讲预期管理?,中国政府于2007年提出要稳定预期中国政府于2009年提出要管理预期2016年5月9日人民日报特约权威人士谈经济形势,其中
2、一个重要内容是预期管理(四、预期管理怎么办?),提出稳预期的关键是稳政策,不能摇来摆去。提出要善于进行政策沟通,加强前瞻性引导,提高透明度,减少误读空间,及时纠偏,避免一惊一乍,不搞“半夜鸡叫”。该权威人士认为宏观调控本质上是预期管理。该权威人士认为提高舆论引导的可信度也很重要,必须实事求是,拿捏好分寸。现在,预期管理不仅是一个理论问题,也是一个政策问题。这一问题有国内外的思想渊源。,经济学和自然科学的本质不同点,自然系统一般而言在人类诞生前就已经存在。不管是地心说还是日心说,都不会改变地球围绕太阳转的客观事实。生态系统是人参与的系统,受人的行为影响,也可以受到人的预期影响,但其规律不会因人的
3、影响而变化。如细菌会对抗生素产生耐药性,但不会产生理性预期,不会提前对未来的抗生素产生耐药性。经济系统是人参与的系统,受人行为影响的系统,特别是受人的预期影响的系统。一些经济规律一旦人们认识到它,它就会发生变化,甚至不复存在。菲利普斯曲线很好说明了这一点。因此,人的预期对经济学很重要。政府可以通过影响人的预期来影响经济系统和金融系统。央行不能用预期管理来消除人们对央行通货膨胀政策产生的通货膨胀预期。央行可以欺骗人一时,但不能欺骗人长久。央行的权威和信誉是管理预期的重要条件。央行预期管理可以缩短人们趋向理性预期的时间,让人们更快了解央行的政策意图,以此为依据制定自己的最优计划。,欧美理论界思想起
4、源李拉亚(2016b),1960年代和1970年代关于菲利普斯曲线的讨论1970年代理性预期理论问世时间不一致性(Kydland 和 Prescott(1977)和Barro和Gordon(1983)关于相机决策和政策规则的讨论1986年才有政策透明的思想萌芽,1995年后欧美央行开始实行越来越透明的政策。常规货币政策的理论框架(Clarida,Gali and Gertle,1999)泰勒规则,1993年提出。新古典经济理论的通货膨胀目标制,1990年新西兰率先实行。新凯恩斯经济理论的弹性通货膨胀目标制(Svensson,1997),政策透明,Morris&Shin(2002)文章认为不是政
5、策越透明越好,过多的公共信息可能湮没了私人信息。Morris&Shin(2002)文章发表后,引起了争论,Svensson(2006)在American Economic Review 发表了评论文章,认为Morris&Shin(2002)文章的方法推导有问题,经改进后推导结果与原来结果不符,即应该是支持透明化而不是相反。换言之,除了一些特别情况下,公共信息越多越好。在公共信息和私人信息同样准确的情况下,缺少公共信息会降低社会福利。Morris&Shin(2006)在同期的American Economic Review发表文章做了回应,承认Svensson对方法推导的指责有道理,但仍坚持自己
6、观点是正确的,即太多的公共信息会降低社会福利。,预期管理理论问世,Woodford在日本央行讲学的PPT(1997)中最早使用了预期管理这个词(management of expectations)。在正式公开发表的文献中,Woodford(2001)在内容提要中使用了预期管理这个词。学术界认为预期管理思想成型于Woodford(2003)和Woodford(2005)。,预期管理的实质思想和特点,预期管理的实质思想是,政府要引导公众预期,或者说,央行要引导公众预期。特点:央行采用政策透明等劝说方式引导,公众是自愿方式被引导。通过影响公众预期来影响经济,要求公众顺从和配合央行政策,依据央行政策
7、制定自己的最优计划,不要与央行政策逆向而行。效果:攻城为下,攻心为上,不战而屈人之兵,以减少政策副作用,提高政策效率,稳定经济波动。从这个角度看,即使有的经济学家不使用预期管理这个词,他或者她的理论也可以归结为预期管理思想和理论。如Krugman(1998)在研究日本的流动性陷阱时提出了用货币政策制造通货膨胀预期以帮助经济走出流动性陷阱。又如伯南克采用QE(货币宽松或者量化宽松)政策,其目标之一是制造通货膨胀预期,其目标之二是缓解金融系统和经济系统流动性紧张,从而缓解金融恐慌(Bernanke,2015)。再如Yellen(2013)强调前瞻性指导。,非常规货币政策的预期管理,非常规货币政策的
8、理论基础之一是预期管理起源于针对日本1990年代流动性陷阱的研究2008年美国金融危机后,美联储QE、扭曲操作和前瞻性指导均试图影响公众预期,故预期管理是美联储非常规货币政策的理论基础之一。现在美联储、欧洲央行和英国央行等注重使用前瞻性指导。前瞻性指导是预期管理方法的新发展,是央行引导公众预期的新工具(Yellen(2013))。,前瞻性指导(,2013),前瞻性指引的定义尚未统一,一种简明且权威定义是央行明确公布未来货币政策走势(Woodford(2012)。There are three main ways in which these central banks have provide
9、d forward guidance.开放式引导():the Bank of Japan,the US Federal Open Market Committee(FOMC),and the European Central Bank时间依赖型引导():the Bank of Canada and the FOMC状态依赖型引导():the FOMCOn balance,the MPC(the Monetary Policy Committee)judges that state-contingent guidance is more suitable at the current junct
10、ure than either time-contingent or open-ended guidance.,开放式引导 特点是太活,容易误解,Open-ended guidance provides qualitative information about the expected future path of policy for example,stating that Bank Rate is expected not to rise above its current level for an extended period or until the outlook for gr
11、owth improves substantially.Providing such qualitative guidance would afford a high degree of flexibility in responding to unanticipated developments.But it would consequently provide very little additional information beyond what is provided in the MPCs existing communications.And there is a risk t
12、hat the vague language of the guidance could cause people to misinterpret it:what is meant by an extended period or by a substantial improvement in the growth outlook?,时间依赖型引导特点是太死板,可信性不高,Time-contingent guidance provides an indication of when monetary policy is likely to change for example,stating
13、that Bank Rate is expected not to rise above its current level until a certain date in the future.Since time-contingent guidance relates the path of monetary policy to particular dates it is relatively simple to interpret.But any change in underlying economic conditions would almost certainly lead t
14、o a change in the period of time for which interest rates should be held fixed.It is unlikely,therefore to be a completely credible policy strategy because it conveys no information about how the Committee might react to unanticipated developments in the economy.,As a result,time-contingent guidance
15、 is unlikely to be that helpful now.For example,people may understand that time-contingent guidance is conditional upon the economic outlook,and that the MPC might revise its guidance in response to unanticipated developments.But such guidance,on its own provides no information about which shocks ar
16、e most likely to result in a change in the timing of the first rise in Bank Rate,and by how much the date would be moved forwards or backwards.So it would not prevent people from overreacting to unanticipated developments,meaning that expectations about the path of Bank Rate could still move out of
17、line with the path anticipated by the MPC,and lead to unwarranted moves in other interest rates and in asset prices.In addition,time-contingent guidance would not help the MPC deal with the uncertainty it currently faces about the trade-off between inflation and output growth,as it would not build i
18、n any automatic feedback between the evolution of the economy and the outlook for policy.,Moreover,if people do not recognise that time-contingent guidance is conditional upon the economic outlook,then it could,in the longer term,damage trust in the MPC.That is because if the MPC did change its guid
19、ance then people may not understand or believe the reasons why the guidance had changed:they may believe that the MPC had simply reneged on its earlier policy,rather than reassessed it in the light of developments that had not been anticipated previously.,状态依赖型引导特点:政策变化与未来具体的经济指标值相关,State-contingent
20、 guidance provides an indication of the economic conditions that might lead to a change in monetary policy for example,stating that Bank Rate is expected not to rise above its current level until the unemployment rate reaches a certain level,or output growth exceeds a certain rate,provided that such
21、 an approach remains consistent with meeting the inflation target in the medium term.,By linking the path of monetary policy to economic conditions rather than to a date,state-contingent guidance can help people to understand how and why the Committee will respond to unanticipated developments,and t
22、o update their expectations about the future path of policy accordingly.That makes it more helpful in the current conjuncture,because it should help to prevent unwarranted movements in expectations about the path of Bank Rate.Moreover,it would create a direct feedback between the evolution of the ec
23、onomy and the expected path of policy:by choosing suitable variables,that should help to ensure that expectations move appropriately as the economy recovers and more is learnt about the evolution of supply and inflation expectations.,But state-contingent guidance also has drawbacks.For example,it ma
24、y be less easy for the public to interpret.That is because it relies on people being aware of the current value of the economic variables referred to in the guidance,and having a view about how those variables are likely to evolve.As such,state-contingent guidance may have less effect on households
25、and companies views about the outlook for policy,or the certainty with which they hold those views.,Linking the path of monetary policy to only a few indicators could also lead to expected rises in Bank Rate that were not warranted by broader economic conditions.That problem can be avoided by specif
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