重症医学资质培训-机械通气.ppt
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1、重症医学专科资质培训(机械通气部分),天津呼吸机治疗研究中心天津第三中心医院ICU 秦英智,2,目录,机械通气的基本原理;机械通气适应症与禁忌症;呼吸机主要参数调节原则;机械通气的实施与模式的特点;呼吸机的撤离;,3,呼吸机应用原理-人机相互作用,呼吸机通过分析呼吸系统定性或定量的机械信号研究机械通气患者的呼吸参数来阐明呼吸机是如何工作的?机械通气模式如何显示呼吸系统机械参数,被动通气与辅助通气之间的区别?机械通气:解决通气,氧合的原理?,4,容量控制与压力控制通气,机械通气可借助控制瞬间气流(引起呼吸系统容量变化)或气道压力变化。呼吸机不能同时控制两者;病人主动或被动呼吸可改变压力或容量。所
2、有通气模式:在吸气相机械通气可依据选择模式控制流速或压力,分别为容控和压控。吸气时的流速和压力变化反映不同模式下呼吸系统机械参数的变化在呼气期间根据设定PEEP水平只能控制气道压力,同时反应流速和容量变化时的呼吸系统机械特征。,5,控制通气与呼吸系统的反应特征是什么?,容量控制通气可了解病人呼吸系统反应的特征:较好的分析呼吸系统机械参数;1,首先是呼吸频率,结合病人的反应(测定呼吸系统参数 C,R);CMV 时设定VT 与C,R的关系;2,控制通气条件下可定量或定性观察信息;如,设定PEEPe 观察动态肺过度膨胀,测定呼吸系统顺应性等。呼吸机应用原理,6,被动和主动呼吸,压控和容控两种模式适用
3、肌松或麻痹病人的被动通气。被动通气最易测定气道阻力,呼吸系统顺应性,而且可以观察基础机械信号及曲线与环的变化。食管压的测定是为特殊目的(分别研究胸壁和肺)。MV的大部分时间是辅助通气,此时,允许病人主动呼吸。辅助通气的基础是人机同步。吸气努力的触发分压力与流速触发。(WOB)吸气相的延迟:是由于吸气肌和呼吸机的共同作用。-是导致人机不协调原因之一。,7,Principles(1):Ventilation,The goal of ventilation is to facilitate CO2 release and maintain normal PaCO2,Minute ventilatio
4、n(VE)Total amount of gas exhaled/min.VE=(RR)x(TV)VE comprised of 2 factorsVA=alveolar ventilationVD=dead space ventilationVD/VT=0.33VE regulated by brain stem,responding to pH and PaCO2Ventilation in context of ICU Increased CO2 productionfever,sepsis,injury,overfeeding Increased VDatelectasis,lung
5、injury,ARDS,pulmonary embolism Adjustments:RR and TV,V/Q Matching.Zone 1 demonstrates dead-space ventilation(ventilation without perfusion).Zone 2 demonstrates normal perfusion.Zone 3 demonstrates shunting(perfusion without ventilation).Airwaydiseases:AECOPD,SevereasthmaLow ventilation:Post-operatio
6、nCentralCauses:Central driven decrease;Brain stem injury,8,Principles(2):Oxygenation,The primary goal of oxygenation is to maximize O2 delivery to blood(PaO2),Alveolar-arterial O2 gradient(PAO2 PaO2)Equilibrium between oxygen in blood and oxygen in alveoliA-a gradient measures efficiency of oxygenat
7、ionPaO2 partially depends on ventilation but more on V/Q matchingOxygenation in context of ICUV/Q mismatchingPatient position(supine)Airway pressure,pulmonary parenchymal disease,small-airway diseaseAdjustments:FiO2 and PEEP,V/Q Matching.Zone 1 demonstrates dead-space ventilation(ventilation without
8、 perfusion).Zone 2 demonstrates normal perfusion.Zone 3 demonstrates shunting(perfusion without ventilation).,9,病历摘要,患者,男,58岁,主因间断咳嗽、咳痰30年,加重15天于09-3-5日入院。入院查体:T37.4,P118次/分,R25次/分,BP110/80 mmHg,神志恍惚,口唇及甲床紫绀。颈静脉怒张,桶状胸,两肺叩过清音,双肺呼吸音极低,可闻及少许干湿性罗音。心音低钝,心率118次/分,肝脾不大。双下肢不肿。辅助检查:血WBC7.72109/L,N89.1%,Hb173
9、/L,PLT159109/L,血PH 7.247,PCO2 95mmHg,PO2 149mmHg,胸片示慢性支气管炎,肺气肿。入院诊断:AECOPD,肺炎,型呼吸衰竭。给予抗感染、解痉、平喘治疗,。,10,患者经导管吸氧3L/min,但给予两个剂量支气管扩张剂喷雾治疗后症状无好转,胸片加重,不能咳痰转入ICU治疗。.在应用MV前必须了解:有创与无创机械通气的指征?应采用哪种方式进行通气支持?通气参数如何设置?如何预防VILI?,11,气管插管呼吸机辅助通气治疗,病情逐渐加重,入院第2天出现双侧气胸Autopeep 27cmH2O机械通气能解决吗?,12,13,NPPV的适应症,高碳酸血症呼衰
10、COPD急性加重:哮喘急性加重:囊肿性纤维化并发呼衰 低氧呼衰 免疫受损(尤其是恶性肿瘤或移植后)病人并发呼衰 急性心源肺水肿血流动力学稳定 肺孢子虫肺炎并发呼衰 拒绝插管,14,NPPV的禁忌症,心跳、呼吸停止;心血管功能不稳定、休克;心肌缺血或心律失常;需要保护气道畅通者(有急性气管内插管的指征)极易误吸;活动性上消化道出血;严重低氧血症;面部手术;损伤;和或烧伤;严重脑病;明显焦虑;,15,NPPV转换为有创通气的时机,成功应用NPPV的患者的特征:基础病情较轻,应用NPPV后血气能快速明显改善,呼吸频率下降 可能失败的相关因素:较高的APACHE II评分,意识障碍或昏迷,对NPPV的
11、初始治疗反应不明显,胸片提示肺炎,呼吸道分泌物很多,高龄,满口缺齿,营养不良等。应用NPPV12小时病情不能改善应转为有创通气。(E级),16,有创机械通气的适应证,通气异常:呼吸肌功能障碍 呼吸肌疲劳 胸廓异常 经肌肉疾病 呼吸驱动力不足 气道阻塞或(或)气道阻力上升 氧合障碍:难治性低氧血症 需要使用治疗性呼气末正压 呼吸做功过度 保障镇静剂和(或)肌松剂应用安全;需要减低全身或心肌氧耗;应用过度通气来减低颅内压;肺复张的实施以及肺不张的预防;,17,下述情况实施机械通气时可能使病情加重:如:气胸及纵隔气肿未行引流;肺大疱和肺囊肿;低血容量性休克未补充血容量;严重肺出血,气管-食管瘘,等;
12、在出现致命性通气和氧合障碍时,应积极处理原发病(如:行胸腔闭式引流;积极补充血容量等),同时,应用机械通气。,18,Pressure ventilation vs.volume ventilation,Pressure-cycled modes deliver a fixed pressure at variable volume Volume-cycled modes deliver a fixed volume at variable pressure,Pressure-cycled modesPressure Support Ventilation(PSV)Pressure Contro
13、l Ventilation(PCV)CPAPBiPAPVolume-cycled modesControlAssistAssist/ControlIntermittent Mandatory Ventilation(IMV)Synchronous Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation(SIMV),Volume-cycled modes have the inherent risk of volutrauma.,19,A Brief Review模式的原理 Pressure Support Ventilation(PSV),Pat determines RR,VE
14、,inspiratory time a purely spon mode,ParametersTriggered by pts own breathLimited by pressureAffects inspiration onlyUsesComplement volume-cycled modes(i.e.,SIMV)Does not augment TV but overcomes resistance created by ventilator tubingPSV aloneUsed alone for recovering intubated pts who are not quit
15、e ready for extubationAugments inflation volumes during spontaneous breaths BiPAP(CPAP plus PS),PSV is most often used together with other volume-cycled modes.PSV provides sufficient pressure to overcome the resistance of the ventilator tubing,and acts during inspiration only.,20,模式的原理Pressure Contr
16、ol Ventilation(PCV),Ventilator determines inspiratory time no patient participation,ParametersTriggered by timeLimited by pressureAffects inspiration onlyDisadvantagesRequires frequent adjustments to maintain adequate VEPt with noncompliant lungs may require alterations in inspiratory times to achie
17、ve adequate TV,21,模式的原理:Assist/Control Mode,Control ModePt receives a set number of breaths and cannot breathe between ventilator breathsSimilar to Pressure ControlAssist ModePt initiates all breaths,but ventilator cycles in at initiation to give a preset tidal volumePt controls rate but always rece
18、ives a full machine breathAssist/Control ModeAssist mode unless pts respiratory rate falls below preset valueVentilator then switches to control mode,Rapidly breathing pts can overventilate and induce severe respiratory alkalosis and hyperinflation(auto-PEEP),Ventilator delivers a fixed volume,22,模式
19、的原理:IMV and SIMV,Volume-cycled modes typically augmented with Pressure Support,IMVPt receives a set number of ventilator breathsDifferent from Control:pt can initiate own(spontaneous)breathsDifferent from Assist:spontaneous breaths are not supported by machine with fixed TVVentilator always delivers
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