英语语言学实用教程课件13u.ppt

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1、Chen Xinren,An Introduction to English Linguistics,精品课程“英语语言学”http:/www./sfs天空教室,Course objectives:,-mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed,how language operates,how language is used to do things,how language is acquired or learnt,how lang

2、uage varies according to the user or the situation,etc.;,-improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language;,-preparation for further study and research about language.,Textbook and reference books,陈新仁，英语语言学实用教程，苏州大学出版

3、社，2007。戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧，新编简明英语语言学教程（修订本），上海外语教育出版社，2002。丁言仁，郝克，英语语言学纲要，上海外语教育出版社，2001。胡壮麟主编，语言学教程，北京大学出版社，2001。Yule,G.The Study of Language 语言研究.外语教学与研究出版社，2000.,Course outline,Lecture 1:Introduction to the courseLecture 2:Some preliminaries about languageLecture 3:The sounds of EnglishLecture 4:The units

4、 of English(1)Lecture 5:The structures of English(1)Lecture 6:The structures of English(2)Lecture 7:The meaning of English(1)Lecture 8:The meaning of English(2),Lecture 9:The use of English(1)Lecture 10:The use of English(2)Lecture 11:The varieties of English(1)Lecture 12:The varieties of English(2)

5、Lecture 13:The acquisition of EnglishLecture 14:Empirical research of EnglishLecture 15-18 Research practice,Course components,LecturesDiscussionsPresentationAssignmentsResearch,Course assessment:,attendance(10%)participation in classroom discussion(20%)presentation(10%)assignments(20%)term paper(40

6、%),Term paper,A-4/1.5 space/Times New Roman/10.5 font size/5 pages(including 5-10 references)First-hand data+analysis,Lecture 2 Some preliminaries about language,2.1 The definition of language2.2 The functions of language 2.3 The origin of language2.4 The defining features of language2.5 The acquisi

7、tion of language,2.1 The definition of language,The question“what is language?”is comparable with and,some would say,hardly less profound than“what is life?”-John Lyons,How do you define language?,列宁(论民族自治)：Language is the most important tool for human communication.Chomsky(1957):a set of(finite or

8、infinite)of sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.Sapir(1921):Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions,and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for

9、 human communication.-胡壮麟,“language”used in various contexts(pp.10-11,No.1),Chinese is a language Linguistics is the systematic study of language.Both Jane and John like Shakespeares language.the language of bees,Language contributes to the success of our everyday life and the survival of human bein

10、gs.Discussion:What functions does language serve for our life and survival?,2.2 The functions of language,Humans are said to be language animals.But what if we humans lived without language?There are some 6,800 known languages spoken in the 200 countries of the world.In 2003,the total number of lang

11、uages in the world was estimated to be 6,809,of which 2,261 have writing systems(the others are only spoken).What if there were only one language the world over?(P.11 No.2),Some common functions of language,phatic:Hello!directive:Get out of my way!informative:The earth revolves around the sun.interr

12、ogative:Do you know his hobby?expressive:I hate her.evocative:How do you like Jack?performative:I hereby declare the meeting open.interpersonal:Tommy,Dear Friendrecreational:humor;rhyming;punsmetalinguistic:what I mean is;in other words,Discussion:PP.16-17 No.5,PP.12-13 No.6,2.3 The origin of langua

13、ge,2.4 The defining features of language,Also called design features(C.F.Hockett,A Course in Modern Linguistics,1958)a.creativity“creativity”,sometimes also“productivity”,means the property which makes possible the construction and interpretation of new symbols,i.e.of signals that have not been prev

14、iously encountered.Of course,the property of creativity is rule-governed according to Chomsky.Thus,the creativity in linguistics is different from that in art,which means breaking rules.,b.arbitrarinessThe term“arbitrary”here means something inexplicable in terms of some more general principles.It i

15、s impossible to predict the meaning from the form,or vice versa.word form meaningDiscuss:P.12 No.5,Question:,By this property do we mean that a person can use the language as freely as we like?How about argot?How about onomatopeic words?PP.11-12 No.4How about words like flow,float,flood,fluent,etc.?

16、P.17 No.6Other examples:J-:joy,jovial,jubilate,joyous,joyful,jubilantGl-:glow,glisten,gleam,glare,glint,glimmer,glitter,c.duality of structure/double articulationb-o-o-k(meaningless segments:lower level,secondary)-Book(meaningful unit:higher level,primary),Question:Why is this property generally ass

17、umed as central to language?Does animal language have this property?How is this related to communicative power?,d.displacement This property give rise to the flexibility and versatility of language.Communication by means of language is constrained neither by time nor by space.Question:What advantage

18、s does this property of language yield?How about the other communication systems?,e.cultural transmissionAnimal call systems are genetically transmitted.Language is passed on from one generation to another by teaching and learning,rather than by instinct.Question:Can we deny that human language has

19、a genetic basis?What is the implication of the story about“wolf child”?What about those patients with neurological lesions in areas like Broca area(named after a French scientist)and Wernicke area(named after a German scientist)aphasia?,What all languages seem to share,P.15 No.12,What do we mean by“

20、knowing a language”?*/bdek/*enblack*He me laugh at.*The father of the orphan is in Beijing.A:Sorry I broke your glass.*B:Thank you.,2.5 The acquisition of language,L1 acquisition is said to have the following features:a.universally successful;b.without explicit instruction(teacher,textbook,school,sy

21、llabus,etc.);c.rapid(0-4 years old);d.conditional(i.exposure;ii.critical period 1.5-4years old;iii.no mental deficiency).,L1 acquisition generally falls into some stages:a.babbling period:birth-around 6 months,produce some sounds;b.syllabic speech period:around 8 months,syllables replace babbled sou

22、nds,like mama;c.single-word stage:around 1 year old,first words,no grammar;carry out simple commands;d.onset of speech:18 months,more words(3-50 words);,e.two-word utterances stage:2 years old,can name most things around him;begin his own creation of two-word phrases(early stage of grammar),pivot wo

23、rds+open words,e.g.Mummy sock;f.full-understanding stage:2.5 years old,e.g.daddy kick ball;g.near adult-speech:3 years old;overgeneralization of inflections;h.adult speech:4 years old.,Discuss PP.13-14:No.7,8,9,Assignments,1.Review the major points of this lecture.2.For the various functions of lang

24、uage discussed in class,use one example of your own to illustrate each.Submit your assignment to the e-class,Form“study and research”groups(4-5 persons for 1 group).Each group draws a topic out of the following:a.Word formation in English Week 3b.Interrogative sentences in English Week 4c.Phatic com

25、munion in English and Chinese 寒暄 Week 5d.The naming of people in English Week 6e.Metonymy in English Week 7f.Complimenting and responding to compliments in English Week 8g.Strategies for doing face-threatening acts in English Week 9h.Euphemisms in English Week 10i.The change of English Week 11j.Chin

26、glish Week 12,The members of each group must work together when collecting materials,preparing the PPT,and presenting the report.Each presentation is to last about 20 minutes.Each PPT must be sent to the teacher for comments and advice ONE weak prior to the report.,Lecture 3 The sounds of English,Re

27、viewWhat are the major defining features that natural languages possess?,Major contents,3.1 Linguistics and its branches3.2 Vowels and consonants3.3 Phones,phonemes,and allophones3.4 Phonological rules3.5 English syllables3.6 Stress,tone,and intonation,3.1 Linguistics and its branches,In 1916,Ferdin

28、and de Saussures Course in General Linguistics was published,which marked the beginning of modern linguistics.,Summary,Traditional linguistics Modern linguistics parole langue written language spoken language diachronic synchronic prescriptive descriptive atomism structuralismparticularity universal

29、ity individuality,Branches of linguistics,Core branches:phonetics,phonology,semantics,syntax,(pragmatics)Peripheral branches(hyphenated ones):socio-linguistics,psycho-linguistics,neuro-linguistics,etc.applied linguistics:language testing,stylistics,discourse analysis,text linguistics,computation lin

30、guistics,etc.,Phonetics vs.phonology,The study of sounds used in speech(i.e.speech sounds)falls under the scope of both phonetics and phonology.Phonetics deals mainly with the characteristics of human speech sounds and sound-making,provides methods for the description,classification,and transcriptio

31、n of the speech sounds.Phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations.,Branches of phonetics,a.articulatory phonetics,which studies speech organs and how speech sounds are made(articulated)by the vocal organs.our major concernb.acoustic phonetics,which studi

32、es the physical properties of speech sounds.c.auditory phonetics,which studies the perception of speech sounds.,3.2 vowels and consonants,In pronouncing consonants,the airstream from the lungs through the mouth is totally or partially obstructed somewhere along the path.In pronouncing vowels,the air

33、stream is not obstructed anywhere along the path.,a.Functionally,vowels are the basis of syllables.b.Physically,vowels are musical.c.Articulatorily,for vowels,airstream is not obstructed,and speech organs are tense.,Discuss:P.38 No.1,Classification of English vowels,Criteriai)the height of tongue ra

34、ising(high,mid,low)ii)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back)iii)the degree of lip-rounding(rounded,unrounded)iv)long or shortv)tense or lax,P.28 Figure 2.2,Vowel description,/i:/:high,front,unrounded,long,tense/i/:high,front,unrounded,short,lax/:/:low,back,unrounded,long,

35、tense/c:/:mid,back,rounded,long,tense/:mid,central,unrounded,lax/:/:mid,central,unrounded,long,tensePractice:Describe the sound/u:/and/.,/u:/:high,back,rounded,tense,long/:low,front,unrounded,lax,Classifying English consonants,criteriai)manner of articulation(degree of obstruction:complete,partial o

36、r a mere narrowing)ii)place f articulation(the parts of vocal tongue involved in the production),P.29 Table 2.2,3.3 Phones,phonemes,and allophones,Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language(i.e.how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units)and the function of each sound.It reveals what

37、are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form they do.,Phone 音素,phone:the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speechi)phonetic unitii)not distinctive of meaningiii)physical as heard or producediv)marked with,Phoneme 音位,th

38、e minimal unit in the sound system of a language.With phonemes,we establish the patterns of organization within the infinitely large number of sounds.Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes(15-80).No two languages have the same phonemic system.,Phoneme 音位,i)p

39、honological unitii)distinctive of meaningiii)abstract,not physicaliv)marked with/.Discuss:P.33 No.1,Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs:1)different in meaning;2)only one phoneme different;3)the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment.Minimal set:pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat

40、,etc.,Allophone 音位变体,allophone:phonic variants/realizations of a phonemeA phoneme is realized as allophone 1+allophone 2+.e.g./p/=ph+p+p(unreleased)/l/=l+,Discuss,PP.33-34 No.2 No.4,3.4 Phonological rules,Phonological patterning is rule-governed.blik and kilb,though not found in English,can be possi

41、ble combinations,while kbil or lkib cannot.Sequential rules are those that account for the combination of sounds in a particular language.They are language-specific,as in the following cases:*tlait iltrit,Sequential rule,If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word,the comb

42、ination should follow the order/sequence below:a.The first phoneme must be/s/b.The second phoneme must be/p/,/t/or/k/c.The third phoneme must be/l/,/r/,or/w/.spring,string,squirrel,split,screen,Consonant clusters in English at the initial position:,Question:What about the consonant cluster in the fi

43、nal position?,Assimilation rule,A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/neighboring sound,e.g.impossible,irresistible,illegal in-PP.34-35 No.5Question:What other examples?sink/since pan cakesun glasses five past sevenhas to,Deletion rule,A sound may be deleted even thoug

44、h it may be orthographically represented.P.35 No.7,3.5 English Syllables,syllable onset rime nuclear coda consonant(s)vowel consonant(s),3.6 Stress,tone,and intonation,Segmental phonology Suprasegmental phonologySuprasegmental phonemes:stress,tone and intonation,Stress,Word stress/sentence stressPri

45、mary stress/secondary stressStress of compounds:blackbird/black bird;greenhouse/green houseSentence stress Depending on the relative importance of the words;contrastive stress,Practice,Mark the stress pattern for the following two sentences:a.Jane is a good student that everybody likes.b.You use“the

46、”,not“a”,before the name of a musical instrument.,Tone(声调）,Different rates of vibration produce different frequencies,which are termed as different pitches.Pitch variations are distinctive of meaning.In some languages like Chinese,pitch variations are called tones.Languages using tones are tone lang

47、uages.,Intonation,When pitch,stress and length variations are tied to the sentence,they combine to become known as intonation.Three major types of English intonation:a.falling tone/tuneb.rising tone/tunec.fall-rise tone/tune,Practice,Read the following paragraph,using the right intonation.Do you kno

48、w how much college students sleep a night?Research finds that they sleep an average of six to seven hours a night.Last month,the University of Michigan held a national conference on sleep,stress,depression and college students.It was concluded that sleep deprivation can hurt academic performance and increase stress.,Assignments:,Find(or even invent)a story or joke created on phonetic basis.P.39 No.3,4P.40 No.7,