英语国家社会与文化入门.ppt
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1、THE SOCIETY AND CULUTRE OF GREAT BRITAIN,IntroductionBritish History British Political SystemIndustry and EconomyLiterature and CultureReligions and BeliefsEducation,Introduction:Natural and Human Geography,Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its Parts1.Geographical names:the British Is
2、les,Great Britain and England.2.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain(the larger one)and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.,4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain:England,Scotland
3、 and Wales.(1)England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest,most populous section.(2)Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.It has three natural zones(the Highlands in the north;the Central lowlands;the south Uplands)Capital:Edinburgh(3)Wales is in the west of Great Britain.C
4、apital:Cardiff(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital:Belfast.,5.The Commonwealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.It was founded in 1931,and has 50 member countries until 1991.,II.Geographical Features 1.Geographical pos
5、ition of Britain:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea.It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands;and the
6、 east and southeast are mostly lowlands.,III.Rivers and Lakes Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain(1,343m).Severn River is the longest river in Britain(338km).Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain.(336km).Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is lo
7、cated in Northern Ireland.(396 square kilometres).River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.(1,085m),IV.Climate 1.Britains favorable climateBritain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot.It has a steady reliabl
8、e rainfall throughout the whole year.The temperature varies within a small range.,2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;2)The prevailing south-west winds or the We
9、sterlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;3)The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.,3.Rainfall:Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average
10、 annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm.There is a water surplus in the north and west,and a water deficit in the south and east.,V.The People 1.population distribution:Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed.90%of the population is urban and only 10%is
11、rural.The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English(81.5%),the Scottish(9.6%),the Welsh(1.9%),the Irish(2.4%),the Northern Irish(1.8%)and other peoples(2.8%).,2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots,Welsh and Irish:The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,th
12、e Scots,Welsh and Irish are Celts.,3.The difference in character:The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.They are music lovers and are proud of their past.The Scots are said to be a serious,cautious and thrifty people,and they are also hospitable,generous and friendly.The Irish are charm and viv
13、acity.,4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English;In northern England,regional speech is usually broader than that of southern England.,5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way:Throughout the year
14、 they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau(艺术年会).The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art.,6.The main problem in Northern Ireland:The fight between the Protestants who are the domi
15、nant group,and the Roman Catholics,who are seeking more social,political and economic opportunities.,7.Immigrants:About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.,Chapter One British History,The Origins of a Nation(5000BC-1066)I.Early Settlers(5000BC-55BC)1.The firs
16、t known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.2.At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.3.The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.,4The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.The second wave w
17、ere the Brythons-came about 400 BC.The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.,II.Roman Britain(55BC-410AD)1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.In 55BC and 54BC,Julius Caesar,a Roman general,invaded Britain twice.In AD 43,the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.F
18、or nearly 400 years,Britain was under the Roman occupation,though it was never a total occupation.,2.Romans influence on Britain.The Roman built many towns,road,baths,temples and buildings.They make good use of Britains natural resources.They also brought the new religion,Christianity,to Britain.,3.
19、Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.First,the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.Second,never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.Third,the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.,III.The Anglo-Saxons(
20、446-871)1Basis of Modern English race:the Anglo-Saxons.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders,Jutes,Saxons,and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.,The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland,came to Britain first.A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons
21、,users of the short-sword from northern Germany,established their kingdom in Essex,Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.,In the second half of the 6th century,the Angles,who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English pe
22、ople,settled in East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.These seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy这七个主要王国(肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚),合称为七王国。,2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.The Anglo-Saxons
23、brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain.Christianity soon disappeared,except among the Celts of Cornwall,Wales,Scotland and Ireland.In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine,the Prior of St.Andrews Monastery in Rome,to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.,In 579 St.Augustine
24、became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility,but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.,3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.The Anglo
25、-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state.Firstly,they divided the country into shires,with shire courts and shire reeves,or sheriffs,responsible for administering law.Secondly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century.Thirdly,they also esta
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