英语句子的整合规律.ppt

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1、英语句子的整合规律Integration of English Sentences外国语学院大学外语部刘德周 老师,引言,问题的提出-中国学生，不论是英语专业的研究生还是非英语专业的普通大学生，在写作中经常会出现误用逗号的错误。究其原因，主要是英语句子层面的语法知识，尤其是句子整合方面的语法知识比较欠缺。今天,我们将结合新视野大学英语读写教程（第2版）14册中的句子改写练习，探索英语句子整合中的规律。,在汉语中,可以使用逗号连接句子-,例如:1.他是个有经验的商人，他做国际贸易已经 有好几年了。2.我们通过网络课程学会了技术，我们用英 语与朋友进行交流。,但是在英语中不能使用逗号连接完整的句子

2、。例如:上面的两个句子翻译为汉语时，用逗号连接就是错误的：,(3)*He is an experienced businessman,he has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.(4)*We learned the technology through the online course,we learned to communicate with friends in English.,反映出的问题：,逗号的误用表面上看起来是一个简单的标点符号错误的问题，但它所反映出来却是对英语句子整合能力欠缺的表现。在掌握了英语的基本语法知识

3、之后，大学生在简单句层面上的语法知识一般不再是学习的难点。相反，句子的整合往往成为学习的难点。具体来说，在保持句子的原有意思的基础上，如何将两个独立的简单句整合为一个完整的句子、以及在保持句子的原有意思的基础上，如何将两个简单句或一个主从复合句整合为一个简单句已经成为大学生在英语学习中，尤其是英语写作和翻译中的主要难点。,下面我们将结合新视野大学英语读写教程（第2版）14册中的句子改写练习来探索英语句子整合的规律。,1.英语句子整合办法之一-用分号连接两个或多个分句,例如：前面的句子(1)可以改正为：(4)We learned the technology through the online

4、 course；we learned to communicate with friends in English.又如，在第1册第2单元28页就有两个连续出现的句子都使用了分号：(5)“I like that music,Dad;its my favorite.Listen for a minute;Im sure youll like it.”,因此-,作文中误用逗号的许多地方是可以使用分号来纠正的。可以多用一些分号！,2.英语句子整合的办法之二-用并列连词连接句子,用并列连词and,but,或者or等来替换误用的逗号，使前后两个句子共同构成并列复合句。例如，前面的例(1)也可以用并列连词

5、and 来连接两个句子：(7)We learned the technology through the online course and we learned to communicate with friends in English.,2.英语句子整合的办法之二-用并列连词连接句子,有时出于语气停顿的目的，在and的前面也可以加上逗号。例如，上面的例(7)也可以改写为：(8)We learned the technology through the online course,and we learned to communicate with friends in English.,

6、3.英语句子整合办法之三-将一个句子变为主句，另外一个句子变为从句,-具体办法是在一个句子前面加上关系代词、关系副词，使它成为另外一个句子的从句，从而使它们共同构成主从复合句。第14 册中的许多改写句子的练习就属于这一类。,3.1 在一个句子的前面加while使它变成从句，而另外一个句子成为主句。,读写教程中的多个单元都有专门的练习训练这个知识点。例如，第1册第1单元的练习VI(P.11)中的练习：,EX.,(e.g.)My former teacher had been patient with all of the students.My new teacher quickly punis

7、hed those who gave incorrect answers.-While my former teacher had been patient with all of the students,my new teacher quickly punished those who gave incorrect answers.,EX.,(1)Universities in the east are better equipped.Those in the west are relatively poor.-Universities in the east are better equ

8、ipped,while those in the west are relatively poor.,EX VI.(Unit 1,P11,B1),(2)Allan Clarke kept talking the price up,while Wilkinson kept knocking it down.(3)The husband spent all his money drinking,while his wife saved all hers for the family.,第2册第8单元练习IX(P.188)也是训练这个知识点的(用while 连接两个句子)。如：,(1)I agree

9、 it is a tough problem.I dont think it cannot be solved.,第2册第8单元练习IX(P.188)也是训练这个知识点的(用while 连接两个句子)。如：,(1)I agree it is a tough problem.I dont think it cannot be solved.-While I agree it is a tough problem,I dont think it cannot be solved.,第2册第8单元练习IX(P.188)也是训练这个知识点的(用while 连接两个句子)。如：,(2)Sara cann

10、ot come to help us.She will give us some suggestion.,第2册第8单元练习IX(P.188)也是训练这个知识点的(用while 连接两个句子)。如：,(2)Sara cannot come to help us.She will give us some suggestion.-While Sara cannot come to help us,she will give us some suggestion.,第2册第8单元练习IX(P.188)也是训练这个知识点的(用while 连接两个句子)。如：,(3)People admit poll

11、ution is very serious.Few are willing to take any measures.,第2册第8单元练习IX(P.188)也是训练这个知识点的(用while 连接两个句子)。如：,(3)People admit pollution is very serious.Few are willing to take any measures.-While people admit pollution is very serious,few are willing to take any measures.,3.2在一个句子的前面加as使它变成从句，使另外一个句子成为

12、主句。他们共同组成主从复合句。,第1册第2单元练习VI(P.36)就是关于这个知识点的练习。如：e.g.Sandy sang along with the words.At the same time,she lay listening to her favorite radio station.,3.2在一个句子的前面加as使它变成从句，使另外一个句子成为主句。他们共同组成主从复合句。,第1册第2单元练习VI(P.36)就是关于这个知识点的练习。如：e.g.Sandy sang along with the words.At the same time,she lay listening t

13、o her favorite radio station.-Sandy sang along with the words as she lay listening to her favorite radio station.,EX.,(1)Kate saw her brother Bill.At the same time she was getting off the school bus.,EX.,(1)Kate saw her brother Bill.At the same time she was getting off the school bus.-Kate saw her b

14、rother Bill as she was getting off the school bus.,EX.,(2)Mother was standing up from her seat.At that time she dropped her glass to the ground.,EX.,(2)Mother was standing up from her seat.At that time she dropped her glass to the ground.-Mother was standing up from her seat as she dropped her glass

15、 to the ground.,3.3在一个句子的前面加连词even though，使它变成另外一个句子的从句。,第1册第3单元练习VI(P.62)中就有这样的练习。如：I liked to play baseball.I was not good at it.,3.3在一个句子的前面加连词even though，使它变成另外一个句子的从句。,第1册第3单元练习VI(P.62)中就有这样的练习。如：I liked to play baseball.I was not good at it.-I liked to play baseball even though I was not good

16、at it.,EX VI.(Page 62,B1),He had his ears pierced.I told him not to.,EX VI.(Page 62,B1),He had his ears pierced.I told him not to.-He had his ears pierced even though I told him not to.,EX VI.(Page 62,B1),It was an exciting game.No goals were scored.,EX VI.(Page 62,B1),It was an exciting game.No goa

17、ls were scored.It was an exciting game even though no goals were scored.,3.4在一个句子的前面加where，从而使该句成为状语从句，使另外一个句子成为主句。二者共同构成一个主从复合句。,第1册第10单元练习VI(P.236)就是对这个知识点进行训练的。如：I choose to walk there.There every step will show.,3.4在一个句子的前面加where，从而使该句成为状语从句，使另外一个句子成为主句。二者共同构成一个主从复合句。,第1册第10单元练习VI(P.236)就是对这个知识点

18、进行训练的。如：I choose to walk there.There every step will show.Where I choose to walk every step will show.,Ex.,I live there.There are plenty of sheep there.-Where I live there are plenty of sheep.,3.5在一个句子的前面加连词whereas使它变为一个从句，而另外一个句子变为主句，并且从句所表达的内容与主句内容形成对比。,第2册第1单元练习IX(P.11)就是训练这个知识点的。如：The telephone

19、service is superb here.The postal service is less efficient.,Ex.,The telephone service is superb here.The postal service is less efficient.-The telephone service is superb here,whereas the postal service is less efficient.,Ex.,Having meals at home can cost as little as two or three dollars.Eating ou

20、t at a restaurant is always more expensive.,Ex.,Having meals at home can cost as little as two or three dollars.Eating out at a restaurant is always more expensive.-Having meals at home can cost as little as two or three dollars,whereas eating out at a restaurant is always more expensive.,3.6在一个句子的前

21、面加as long as使它变为一个从句，另外一个句子成为主句。,第2册第4单元翻译练习IX(87)就是训练这个知识点的。如：(1)Sandy Promised marry John_(只要她能得到父亲的同意).Sandy Promised marry John as long as she got her fathers agreement.,Ex.,_(只要你为自己定下目标),you will get somewhere someday.As long as you set a goal for yourself,you will get somewhere someday.,3.7 将一

22、个句子变成定语从句，并用which来引导。,第2册第5单元练习VIII(P.111)就是训练这个知识点的。如：They are filtered.I am grateful for this fact.,3.7 将一个句子变成定语从句，并用which来引导。,第2册第5单元练习VIII(P.111)就是训练这个知识点的。如：They are filtered.I am grateful for this fact.-They are filtered,for which I am grateful.,Ex.,John went to the cinema with his brother.Th

23、is surprised me.-John went to the cinema with his brother,which surprised me.,第3册第6单元练习X也是训练这个知识点的。如：,第3册第6单元练习X(P.157)也是训练这个知识点的。如：,She cycled from Shanghai to Beijing.That is pretty difficult for a woman of 50.-She cycled from Shanghai to Beijing,which is pretty difficult for a woman of 50.,第3册第6单

24、元练习X(P.157)也是训练这个知识点的。如：,He wore his swimming things in the office.That shocked his boss a great deal.-He wore his swimming things in the office,which shocked his boss a great deal.,3.8 在一个句子的前面加even if从而使它变为一个从句，另外一个句子成为主句。,第2册第9单元练习VIII(P.214)就是训练这个知识点的。如：Ive made up my mind to marry him.My mother

25、 objects.-Ive made up my mind to marry him even if my mother objects.,Ex.,She has problems finding a job.She gets a bachelors degree.-She has problems finding a job even if she gets a bachelors degree.,3.9在一个句子的前面加just as从而使它变为一个从句，另外一个句子成为主句。,第3册第1单元练习X(P.13)就是训练这个知识点的。如：My fathers death had change

26、d Jimmys world overnight.September 11th changed our lives in the same way.-Just as my fathers death had changed Jimmys world overnight,September 11th changed our lives.,Ex.,We gained fame in victory.Just in the same way we lost nothing in defeat.-Just as we gained fame in victory,we lost nothing in

27、defeat.,3.10 在一个句子的前面加once从而使它变为一个从句，另外一个句子成为主句。,第3册第3单元练习X(P.70)就是训练这个知识点的。如：Youve practiced a bit.Youll find that its quite easy.-Once youve practiced a bit,youll find that its quite easy.,Ex.,The meal was finished.The discussion began.-Once the meal was finished,the discussion began.,3.11将一个句子改变为

28、if引导的条件从句，另外一个句子变成含有虚拟语气的主句。,第4册第2单元练习IX(P.39)就是训练这个知识点的。如：I had no idea that you were coming.So I didnt meet you at the airport.-If I had known that you were coming,I would have met you at the airport.,Ex.,He did not try to leave the country.So he was not stopped at the border.-If he had tried to l

29、eave the country he would have been stopped at the border.,4.句子整合办法之四-取消一个句子或从句的句子资格,我们知道，英语句子资格的最重要的标志之一就是有谓语动词。要取消一个句子的资格主要就是要将谓语动词变为非谓语动词，或者干脆删除谓语动词。取消了句子资格后，剩下的成分就变成另外一个句子的伴随成分、独立主格结构或其它成分。在读写教程14 册中大量的改写句子的练习就属于这一类。下面分别将这些练习的特点和教学规律总结如下。,4.1 当主句和从句中的主语相同并且从句中表示主动语态的谓语动词和主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生时，可以取消从句中

30、的主语，并将从句改为“while+-ing形式”。,第1册第2单元练习VII就是训练该知识点的。如：She listened to her favorite rock music while she sang along with the words.-She listened to her favorite rock music while singing along with the words.,Ex.,She was putting on her jeans and at the same time asked me to hand her the sweater.-She was p

31、utting on her jeans while asking me to hand her the sweater.,第1册第3单元练习VII中也有一部分类似的题目。只是原来从句中的引导词除while之外还有after,when,until和if等。另外，在原来从句中如果是被动语态，那么在去掉主语之后，原来的谓语动词要变为过去分词而不是现在分词。下面两个例句就可以较好地反映出二者之间的差别：,Ex.,When you are doing the writing exercise for this course,you should remember that you are writing

32、 according to a specific structure.-When doing the writing exercise for this course,you should remember that you are writing according to a specific structure.,Ex.,The grass will grow more quickly if it is watered regularly.-The grass will grow more quickly if watered regularly.,第2册第6单元练习IX也是对相同的知识点

33、进行训练。如：,While I was waiting at the doctors,I read an entire short story.-While waiting at the doctors,I read an entire short story.,第3册第9单元练习IX(P.239)也对相同的知识点进行训练。如：,He listens to the radio.At the same time he is driving to work.-He listens to the radio while driving to work.,4.2 当两个句子进行合并时，如果两句的主语相

34、同并且谓语动词是主动语态，同样可以通过把一个句子的谓语动词变为-ing形式而取消其句子资格。,第1册第4单元练习VI就是关于这方面的训练：It rained for two weeks on end.It completely flooded the village.-It rained for two weeks on end,completely flooding the village.,I realized he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son.I guessed he really needed me.-Realiz

35、ing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son,I guessed he really needed me.,第3册第5单元练习X(P.130)也是关于这方面的训练。如：,The clerks finished their morning work.They stood up behind their desk,stretching themselves.-Having finished their morning work,the clerks stood up behind their desk,stretching the

36、mselves.,4.3两个简单句进行合并时，有时可以将其中一个简单句变为“instead of+-ing”短语。,例如，第1册第9单元练习VII就是关于该句子合并训练的：You should talk to your teacher.You should not just complain to me about it.-You should talk to your teacher instead of just complaining to me about it.,They raised prices and cut production.They did not cut costs.

37、-They raised prices and cut production instead of cutting costs.,4.4 与上面的instead of 类似，despite,rather than 等也可以用来将一个从句简化为一个词组或结构。,第2 册第2单元练习VIII就是关于用despite来将从句简化为名词词组的。They didnt lose heart though they experienced lots of frustration.-They didnt lose heart despite lots of frustration.,I will try my

38、 best though the chances of success are slim.-I will try my best despite slim chances of success.,第4册第4单元练习IX则是用rather than来将一个简单句变为一个并列的词组。例如：,Concentrate on indoor delights and youll be much better appreciated.Dont concentrate on outdoor fights.-Concentrate on indoor delights rather than outdoor f

39、ights and youll be much better appreciated.,As a result of the development of computer technology many people may eventually be able to work at home.They dont have to go to the office.-As a result of the development of computer technology many people may eventually be able to work at home rather tha

40、n go to the office.,第4册第9单元练习X也是关于用rather than来将一个单句简化为一个并列词组。例如：,He was compelled to spend most of the time talking to Mrs.Harlow.He did not spend the time talking to his daughter.-He was compelled to spend most of the time talking to Mrs.Harlow rather than his daughter.,4.5 同位语也可以用来将两个句子合并为一个句子。在第

41、1册至第4册的教材中多次出现用同位语改写句子的练习。,如第2册第3单元练习IX就有关于同位语的练习：My best friend was here last night.Anna was my best friend.-My best friend,Anna,was here last night.,“Leave it to me,”said David.David was the man on night duty.-“Leave it to me,”said David,the man on night duty.,第3册第2单元练习IX也有关于同位语的练习。如：Mr.Howe is my

42、 favorite professor.He has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.-Mr.Howe,my favorite professor,has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.,4.6 当两个简单句的主语不同时，我们也可以将其中一个简单句的谓语动词变为非谓语动词，从而使该简单句变为独立主格结构。具体来说，一是把被动语态中的助动词be省略掉;二是把谓语动词改为-ing形式。,His homework was done.His composition was written.Larry deci

43、ded to go and see the film.-His homework done,his composition written,Larry decided to go and see the film.,Diana stood motionless at the end of the diving board.Tears streamed down her cheeks.-Diana stood motionless at the end of the diving board,tears streaming down her cheeks.,第3册第4单元练习IX也有类似的练习。

44、如：,Jimmy walked slowly to the center of the playground.His face was covered with tears.-Jimmy walked slowly to the center of the playground,his face covered with tears.,The taxi sped away.Its lights disappeared into the distance.-The taxi sped away,its lights disappearing into the distance.,4.7 当两个简

45、单句表达的意思相似时，可以使用as将两个简单句简化为一个句子。,第3册第3单元练习IX就属于这一类练习：In Italy people use a lot of olive oil in cooking.The same thing happens in Greece.-In Greece,as in Italy,people use a lot of olive oil in cooking.,In Japan,in order to get into a famous university a large number of middle school students take supp

46、lementary classes.The same thing happens in China.-In China,as in Japan,a large number of middle school students take supplementary classes in order to get into a famous university.,4.8 有时，我们甚至可以把一个从句简化为“连词+介词短语”的结构。,第3册第4单元练习X就有这样的练习。如：Although they have a threatening appearance,most snakes arent r

47、eally dangerous if you leave them alone.-Most snakes,although with a threatening appearance,arent really dangerous if you leave them alone.,Women have failed to approach the income of men even though they have the same abilities.-Women,even though with the same abilities,have failed to approach the

48、income of men.,4.9 有的简单句可以简化为“with+n.+prepositional phrase”的形式，从而和另外一个简单句共同构成一个新的句子。例如，第3册第8单元练习X就是关于这个知识点的练习：,The Bosnian peace talks are continuing in Geneva today.The new proposals are at the top of the agenda.-The Bosnian peace talks are continuing in Geneva today with the new proposals at the t

49、op of the agenda.,All of Southern Africa is suffering from a severe drought.Mozambique and Zimbabwe are among the worst-hit countries.-All of Southern Africa is suffering from a severe drought with Mozambique and Zimbabwe among the worst-hit countries.,4.10 在一些句型结构的帮助之下，我们也可以将一些主从复合句简化为简单句。例如，使用be s

50、upposed to，be reported to,be believed to等句型结构分别代替suppose that，report that,believe that就可以将主从复合句简化为简单句。第4册第3单元练习IX就是关于该知识点的：,People believe that the wanted man is living in New York.-The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.,It is reported that four people were seriously injured in the acc