科技论文写作-第四章.ppt
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1、第四章 背景材料与文献回顾 导论部分之一,导论有两个主要的功能,即阐述研究的动机和说明研究的目的。导论往往被认为是论文最难写的部分之一。因为,必须在较少的篇幅内提及很多研究信息,必须采用适当地撰写方法和组织形式来叙述论文的主题。不要直接重复摘要中的内容,更不要直接抄录摘要中的句子。,第四章 背景材料与文献回顾,导论之一,第四章 背景材料与文献回顾,4.1 基本内容及组织形式,一般,好的导论应清楚地说明以下四个项目:主要的研究工作研究工作的目的进行研究的动机或背景本研究工作在相关领域中的地位,第四章 背景材料与文献回顾,4.1 基本内容及组织形式,导论至少包括以下四个基本步骤:步骤一,背景资料。
2、介绍有关的研究领域信息,并针对研究论文将要探讨的问题或现象提供背景知识。步骤二,文献回顾。介绍并评论其他学者对该问题或现象曾经发表的相关研究。步骤三,指出问题。作者指出仍然有某个问题或现象值得进一步研究。步骤四,介绍作者的研究目的或研究活动。,第四章 背景材料与文献回顾,4.1 基本内容及组织形式,几乎每一篇科技研究论文的导论中都会包含上述四个步骤。而步骤五、六可有可无。步骤五,指出本研究工作的理论价值或应用价值。步骤六,说明本研究论文的组织结构,以便读者对作者介绍研究结果的方式有大致的了解。,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.1 背景资料的介绍,约定俗成的办法,即先指出和论文内容所属研究领
3、域有关的一般事实;接着转到此较大研究领域中的其中一个次研究领域;最后应该把焦点转到该次领域中的更狭窄的主题。所以,从介绍背景资料的句子的内容来看,通常先有一两个范围比较广的句子,然后句子内容的范围逐渐缩小,最后一两句的范围应该相当狭窄。,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.1 背景资料的介绍,例4-1 The separation of mixtures of alkanes is an important activity in the petroleum and petrochemical industries.For example,the products from a catalyt
4、ic isomerization reactor consist of a mixture of linear,mono-methyl and di-methyl alkanes.Of these,the di-branched molecules are the most desired ingredients in petrol because they have the highest octane number.It is therefore required to separate the di-methyl alkanes and recycle the linear and mo
5、no-methyl alkanes back to the isomerizatio reactor.In the detergent industry,the linear alkanes are the desired components and need to be separated from the alkanes mixture.,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.1 背景资料的介绍,例4-1 The separation of mixtures of alkanes is an important activity in the petroleum and petrochem
6、ical industries.For example,the products from a catalytic isomerization reactor consist of a mixture of linear,mono-methyl and di-methyl alkanes.Of these,the di-branched molecules are the most desired ingredients in petrol because they have the highest octane number.It is therefore required to separ
7、ate the di-methyl alkanes and recycle the linear and mono-methyl alkanes back to the isomerizatio reactor.In the detergent industry,the linear alkanes are the desired components and need to be separated from the alkanes mixture.,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.1 背景资料的介绍,例4-1 The separation of mixtures of alkanes
8、is an important activity in the petroleum and petrochemical industries.For example,the products from a catalytic isomerization reactor consist of a mixture of linear,mono-methyl and di-methyl alkanes.Of these,the di-branched molecules are the most desired ingredients in petrol because they have the
9、highest octane number.It is therefore required to separate the di-methyl alkanes and recycle the linear and mono-methyl alkanes back to the isomerizatio reactor.In the detergent industry,the linear alkanes are the desired components and need to be separated from the alkanes mixture.,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.
10、2.1 背景资料的介绍,Selective sorption on zeolites is often used for separation of alkanes mixtures 1-7.The choice of the zeolite depends on the specific separation task in hand.For example,small-pore zeolite A are used for separation of linear alkanes using the molecular sieving principle;the branched mole
11、cules cannot enter the zeolite structure.Both linear and branched molecules are allowed inside the medium-pore MFI matrix and the sorption hierarchy in MFI will be dictated both by the alkanes chain length and degree of branching.,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.1 背景资料的介绍,如果背景资料的内容都是该领域一般学者都承认或熟知的普遍事实,也可不引述参考文献。撰
12、写导论的背景资料,必须考虑研究论文的读者对象,以确定背景资料的范围。,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.2 时态与“先旧后新”原则,背景资料中的句子通常叙述有关现象或某个研究领域的普遍事实,这些普遍事实不受时间的影响,所以句子中的主要动词应该使用一般现在时态。Delaminations(开胶,分层)in composite material result typically from impact(碰撞,撞击)damage or manufacturing imperfections.Muscle pain in the shouder/neck area and the upper ext
13、remities(上肢)is common among computer workers,especially women.,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.2 时态与“先旧后新”原则,然而,若在背景资料中指出作者专业领域里最近发生的某种趋势,或最近发生的某个事件,则使用现在完成时态。The study of scattering of elastic waves by subsurface defects has been the focus of interest of many recent studies due to its relevance to problems in no
14、ndestructive evaluation and material characterization.Various approaches such as modular(模块)technique 10 and object oriented programming(OOP)11-13 have been employed as programming tools.(程序设计工具),4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.2 时态与“先旧后新”原则,“先旧后新”原则是指在解释较广泛的研究领域与作者自己具体的研究题目之间的关系时,作者应该在每一个句子中先重复一项“旧”的信息,然后才提到“新”的
15、信息。采用“先旧后新”原则,目的在于使读者清楚地了解每项新的信息与整个研究背景之间的关系。注意下例中红字表示的名词、代词或名词短语。,4.2 背景资料(步骤一),4.2.2 时态与“先旧后新”原则,例4-2 Delaminations in composite materials result typically from impact damage or manufacturing imperfections.In general,they cause a considerable reduction in compressive strength and therefore reduce
16、the performance advantage of composite materials1.One mechanism of compressive strength reduction in delaminated composites is buckling out of plane of the groups of plies above and below the delamination.This buckling subjects the remaining unbuckled plies to asymmetric loading,resulting in a reduc
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