相关标准及路由器测试.ppt
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1、2023/8/21,1,第八章 网络设备测试测试标准及路由器测试,目标:了解相关标准学习路由器的常用指标及测试方法,主要内容1 相关标准2 测量方法概述3 路由器的性能指标4 路由器性能测试5 测试实例,2023/8/21,2,1 相关标准,RFC2544(Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices)RFC2889(BenchmarkingMethodologyforLANSwitchingDevices)YD/T1156-2001路由器测试规范高端路由器YD/T1098-2001路由器测试规范低端路由器YD/T1141-
2、2001 千兆比以太网交换机测试方法YD/T1142-2001 IP电话网守设备技术要求及测试方法YD/T1072-2000 IP电话网关设备测试方法YD/T1075-2000 网络接入服务器(NAS)测试方法YD/T1171-2001 IP网络技术要求网络性能参数与指标,2023/8/21,3,相关标准-续,YD/T1251.1-2003 路由协议一致性测试方法中间系统到中间系统路由交换协议(IS-IS)YD/T1251.2-2003 路由协议一致性测试方法开放最短路径优先协议(OSPF)YD/T1251.3-2003 路由协议一致性测试方法边界网关协议(BGP4)YD/T1260-2003
3、 基于端口的虚拟局域网(VLAN)技术要求和测试方法YD/T1033-2000 传输性能的指标系列YD/T10912000 56kbit/s调制解调器接口及传输性能技术要求和测试方法,2023/8/21,4,Request for Comments:2544,Network Working Group,Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices,S.Bradner,Harvard University,J.McQuaid,NetScout Systems,March 1999This document discusses
4、and defines a number of tests that may be used to describe the perfo-rmance characteristics of a network intercon-necting device.In addition to defining the tests this document also describes specific formats for reporting the results of the tests.,2023/8/21,5,RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 1:Throughput
5、,Definition:The maximum rate at which none of the offered frames are dropped by the device.详见:RFC 1242吞吐量测试可以确定被测试设备(DUT)或被测试系统(SUT)在不丢弃包的情况下所能支持的吞吐速率。二分法,2023/8/21,6,Throughput test-Procedure,Send a specific number of frames at a specific rate through the DUT and then count the frames that are tran
6、smitted by the DUT.If the count of offered frames is equal to the count of received frames,the fewer frames are received than were transmitted,the rate of the offered stream is reduced and the test is rerun.The throughput is the fastest rate at which the count of test frames transmitted by the DUT i
7、s equal to the number of test frames sent to it by the test equipment.,2023/8/21,7,RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 2:Latency,Definition:For store and forward devices:The time interval starting when the last bit of the input frame reaches the input port and ending when the first bit of the output frame is
8、 seen on the output port.For bit forwarding devices:The time interval starting when the end of the first bit of the input frame reaches the input port and ending when the start of the first bit of the output frame is seen on the output port.由此定义看:仅包括排队和处理时延,不包括传输时延?,2023/8/21,8,延时测试,延时测试测量一台DUT 在有负载
9、条件下转发数据包所需的时间。SmartApplications 在规定时间内生成100%的负载(或者按测试设置中规定的比例)。在测试过程中,SmartApplications 测量每对端口上的每一个包的延时。对于存储转发(Store-and-forward)设备来说,测量的延时是指从输入帧的最后一个比特达到输入端口的时刻到输出帧的第一个比特出现在输出端口上的时刻的时间间隔。对于cut-throughout 设备来说,延时是指从输入帧的第一比特达到输入端口的时刻到输出帧的第一比特出现在输出端口的时刻的间隔。测试设置中规定的每一种包长度都要进行延时测试。,2023/8/21,9,Latency t
10、est-Procedure:,Send a stream of frames at a particular frame size through the DUT at the determined throughput rate to a specific destination.The stream SHOULD be at least 120 seconds in duration.An identifying tag SHOULD be included in one frame after 60 seconds with the type of tag being implement
11、ation dependent.The time at which this frame is fully transmitted is recorded(timestamp A).The receiver logic in the test equipment MUST recognize the tag information in the frame stream and record the time at which the tagged frame was received(timestamp B).The latency is timestamp B minus timestam
12、p A。RFC 1242The test MUST be repeated at least 20 times with the reported value being the average of the recorded values.,2023/8/21,10,RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 3:Frame loss rate,Definition:Percentage of frames that should have been forwarded by a network device under steady state(constant)load tha
13、t were not forwarded due to lack of resources.(如何理解两个that?并列修饰。)RFC 1242包丢失测试通过测量由于缺少资源而未转发的包的比例来显示高负载状态下DUT的性能。,2023/8/21,11,Frame Loss rate-test Procedure,Send a specific number of frames at a specific rate through the DUT to be tested and count the frames that are transmitted by the DUT.The frame
14、 loss rate at each point is calculated using the following equation:(input_count-output_count)*100)/input_countThe first trial SHOULD be run for the frame rate that corresponds to 100%of the maximum rate for the frame size on the input media.Repeat the procedure for the rate that corresponds to 90%o
15、f the maximum rate used and then for 80%of this rate.This sequence SHOULD be continued(at reducing 10%intervals)until there are two successive trials in which no frames are lost.,2023/8/21,12,RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 4:Back-to-back,Definition:Fixed length frames presented at a rate such that there
16、 is the minimum legal separation for a given medium between frames over a short to medium period of time,starting from an idle state.Measurement units:Number of N-octet frames in burstRFC1242,2023/8/21,13,背靠背性能测试,背靠背性能测试通过以最大帧速率发送突发传输流并测量无包丢失时的最大突发(Burst)长度(总包数量)来测试DUT的缓冲区容量。SmartApplications 在全负载条件
17、下生成突发传输流,如果所有的包都得到转发,就增加突发长度,并重新进行测试。但是,如果某一对端口上出现包丢失,SmartApplications将突发长度减少一半并再次进行测试。然后,SmartApplications利用二分搜索查找无包丢失时的最大突发长度。测试设置中规定的每一种包长度都要进行背到背性能测试。,2023/8/21,14,Back-to-backtest procedure,Send a burst of frames with minimum inter-frame gaps to the DUT and count the number of frames forwarded
18、 by the DUT.If the count of transmitted frames is equal to the number of frames forwarded the length of the burst is increased and the test is rerun.If the number of forwarded frames is less than the number transmitted,the length of the burst is reduced and the test is rerun.The back-to-back value i
19、s the number of frames in the longest burst that the DUT will handle without the loss of any frames.The trial length MUST be at least 2 seconds and SHOULD be repeated at least 50 times with the average of the recorded values being reported.,2023/8/21,15,RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 5:System recovery,O
20、bjective:To characterize the speed at which a DUT recovers from an overload condition.Procedure:First determine the throughput for a DUT at each of the listed frame sizes.Send a stream of frames at a rate 110%of the recorded throughput rate or the maximum rate for the media(线速),whichever is lower,fo
21、r at least 60 seconds.At Timestamp A reduce the frame rate to 50%of the above rate and record the time of the last frame lost(Timestamp B).The system recovery time is determined by subtracting Timestamp B from Timestamp A.,2023/8/21,16,RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 6:Reset,Objective:To characterize the
22、 speed at which a DUT recovers from a device or software reset.Procedure:First determine the throughput for the DUT for the minimum frame size on the media used in the testing.Send a continuous stream of frames at the determined throughput rate for the minimum sized frames.Cause a reset in the DUT.M
23、onitor the output until frames begin to be forwarded and record the time that the last frame(Timestamp A)of the initial stream and the first frame of the new stream(Timestamp B)are received.The reset value is obtained by subtracting Timestamp A from Timestamp B.Hardware and software resets,as well a
24、s a power interruption SHOULD be tested.,2023/8/21,17,转发能力测试实例,思博伦(Spirent)通信的SmartBits 6000B依据RFC 2544完成吞吐率延迟帧丢失率Back to Back测试,2023/8/21,18,3 路由器的测试指标,1、吞吐量:吞吐量是指路由器的包转发能力。吞吐量与路由器的端口数量、端口速率、数据包长度、数据包类型、路由计算模式(分布或集中)以及测试方法有关,一般泛指处理器处理数据包的能力。高速路由器的包转发能力至少应在20包/秒以上。端口吞吐量:端口吞吐量是路由器在某端口上的包转发能力。通常采用两个相同
25、速率测试接口。一般测试接口可能与接口位置及关系相关,例如同一插卡上端口间测试的吞吐量可能与不同插卡上端口间吞吐量值不同。整机吞吐量:整机吞吐量是指设备整机的包转发能力,是设备性能的重要指标。路由器的工作在于根据IP包头或者MPLS(多协议标签交换)标记选路,因此性能指标是指每秒转发包的数量。整机吞吐量通常小于路由器所有端口吞吐量之和。,2023/8/21,19,路由器的测试指标,2、背板能力:背板指输入与输出端口间的物理通路。背板能力是路由器的内部实现,传统路由器采用共享背板,但是应用于高性能路由器时不可避免的会遇到拥塞问题,其次也很难设计出高速的共享总线,所以现有的高速路由器一般采用可交换式
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