现在完成时过去.ppt

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1、Grammar and usage,Present perfect tense现在完成时,结构：肯定：have/has done 否定：have/has not done 疑问：Has/Have+主语+done 简略答语:Yes,主语+have/has.(肯定)No,主语+havent/hasnt.(否定)被动：has/have been done,注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago 等;2)不能与when连用 3).现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,用法一：表示(不确定的)过去发生的动作对现在

2、产生影响或造成结果。,I have already lost the key.(我现在没有钥匙)I havent read that book yet.(不了解书的内容)I have just cleaned my hands.(手是干净的),常与already(已经),yet(已经),just(刚刚),ever(曾经)never(从不)，recently(最近),lately(近来)等词连用.,already:常用于肯定句中.yet:常用于否定句,疑问句尾.,注意：just:刚刚，与现在完成时连用just now:刚才，与一般过去时连用e.g.I have just bought a pen

3、 I bought a pen just now.,用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去，只能用于某些延续性动词，常与for,since,或和表示从过去某时到现在这段时间的时间状语（如:so far,up to now,in the last few years/days等）连用。,She has learned English for 5 years.He has lived in Beijing since he was born.Has he lived in Shenzhen for 4 years?,since:(自以来)1)since+时间点Hehas

4、stayedheresince5oclock.2)since+时间段+agoHehasstayedheresince5hoursago.3)since+从句ShehastaughtEnglishsincehecamehere.for:(长达）for+时间段He has kept the book for 2 weeks.,since,for 的用法:,Take notes,用for 或since填空,Mr.Brown has had his TV _ 15 years.Ive taken driving lessons _last month.My sister has had her cel

5、l phone _a month.My friends havent visited me _my birthday.We havent used our car _ a long time.She hasnt had a good cup of coffee _years.Tom has worn glasses _he was 7 years old.,for,since,for,since,for,for,since,注意：瞬间动词在肯定句中不能与for，since等表示一段时间的时间状语连用,延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn,work,s

6、tand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。瞬间动词也称非延续性动词、终止性动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,die,borrow,buy等。,当现在完成时+一段时间注意：1)Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is sti

7、ll studying it now.2)(错)Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.改为:Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.,误,I have received his letter for two days.,正,I received his letter two days ago.I have had

8、 his letter for two days.It is two days since I received his letter.,*瞬间动词在否定句中则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。,I havent received his letter for a long time.,He hasnt married since he broke up with his girlfriend.,动作,die,be over,leave,arrive,begin,end/finish,join,marry,be away,be here,be on(上演）,be married,be in,b

9、e dead,由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换,1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought)this bike for almost four years.2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed)the book for quite a few days.3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher?4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day bef

10、ore yesterday.5、用wear代替put on,b)用“be形容词”代终止性动词 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall(get)ill 4、beasleep代fall(get)asleep 5、beawake代wake/wake up 7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、bemissing(gone,lost)代lose,用法三：表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚刚完成。Now we have planted all the trees.He has turned off the light.Up to no

11、w,the program has saved thousands of children.A:“Would you like something to eat?”B:“No,thanks.Ive just had lunch.”,All of us have heard this many times.I have visited Beijing three times.You dont need to describe her;I have met her several times.,用法四：表示过去发生的一次或多次的动作，一般汉语译为“过”，常带有once，twice,threetim

12、es等频度时间状语,特殊句型：,1.It is+时间段 since+一般过去时的句子.,他的爷爷已经去世2年了。Nick 参军3年了.他离开深圳好长时间了。这本书我已借了4个月了.,It is 2 years since his grandpa died.,It is 3 years since Nick joined the army.,It is a long time since he left Shenzhen.,It is 4 months since I borrowed the book.,句型二:This/It is the first/second 等序数词 time+tha

13、t 从句(谓语动词用现在完成时),Its the first time that Miss Liu has been to Taojiang.,句型三：It/This/That is the 最高级+名词 that 从句（谓语动词用现在完成时）,Its the best film that I have ever seen.,have/has gone to&have/has been to 1.have/has been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已回来）”2.have/has gone to 表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）“前者可与once,never,severaltimes等连用

14、,后者则不能我曾经去过三次意大利。I have been to Italy three times.他去哈尔滨了。He has gone to Harbin.Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months./since two months ago.,Summary:用法一：(不确定的)过去发生的动作对现在产生影 响或造成结果。用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去。用法三：过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚完成。用法四：过去发生的一次或多次的动作。用法五：用于某

15、些特殊句型,Practice：,1.Can you give me the right answer?Sorry,I _ Would you please repeat that question?A.havent listened B.hadnt listenedC.dont listen D.wasnt listening,2.When you get the paper back,pay special attention to what _.have marked B.have been markedC.had marked D.had been marked3.It seems th

16、at she is thinking about something.Yes,she can not remember what key she _ to her computer.set B.has set C.had set D.sets,4.Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.works B.is workingC.has worked D.worked5.He didnt give up the plan though he _many times.would fail B.was faili

17、ng C.had failed D.has failed,True or False:He has been to the shop.Hell be back soon.2.I havent received his letter for a long time.3.I have received his letter for two days.4.This is the most interesting book that I had read.5.He has bought the car last Friday.,gone,had,have,现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时:强调

18、的是这一动作与现在的关系,对现在产生的结果或影响等,不能与表过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时:只着重说明动作发生在过去，与现在无关，常与具体的过去时间状语连用。,Exercises:,We _(study)English for about five years.We_(begin)to study it five years ago.2.They _(move)to the south in 1990 and _(live)there since then.3.Eric _(leave)home last year but now he _(come)back.,have studied,be

19、gan,moved,have lived,has come,left,1、Both his parents look sad.Maybe they _whats happened to him.knew.have known.must know.will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai,has he?.already.never.ever.still,3、Have you met Mr Li _？.just.ago.before.a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year

20、s.is writing.was writing.wrote.has written,5、How long have you _ here?About two e.arrived6、Hurry up!The play _ for ten minutes.has begun.had begun.has been on.began,7、It _ ten years since he left the army.is.has.will.was8、Miss Green isnt in the office.she_ to the library.has gone.went.will go.has be

21、en,9、My parents _ Shandong for ten years.have been in.have been to.have gone to.have been10、The students have cleaned the classroom,_?A.so they B.dont they C.have they D.havent they,过去完成时,一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”那时以前 那时 现在,构成：过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成，其中had通用于各种人称。They

22、had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.,二、过去完成时的判断依据 1.由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1）by+过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（2）by the end of+过去的时间点。如：We had learned over

23、 two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3）before+过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday,2.由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：1）表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped

24、that you would come,but you didnt.,2）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。1.She said that she had seen the film before2.After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.注意：before,after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和 after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过

25、去时。如：1.Where did you study before you came here?2.After he closed the door,he left the classroom.,3.根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：When I woke up,it had stopped raining.我

26、醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）,2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book.(had written 发生在told 之前)3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already，yet，still，just，before，never 等时间副词及 by，before，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China,Grace had ta

27、ught English in a middle school for about five years.,4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）,5.过去完成时也用于hardly.when.（刚就）no sooner.than.（刚就）,It was the first time+that等一些固定句型中

28、。He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him.他刚离开房间，他们就议论起他来。We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.他用这样的语调跟我讲话，这是第一次。,四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词have(has)+过

29、去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。,五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间

30、。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.,2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her,too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.,Present perf

31、ect continuous tense现在完成进行时,Structure:现在完成进行时由have(has)+been+doing构成,1.The telephone has been ringing for almost a minute.Why doesnt someone answer it?电话响了差不多一分钟,为什么没人接?2.The weather has been changeable lately;Ive been having a lot of colds.最近天气变化无常,我时常感冒。,Usages,用法一：从以前到现在这一段时间里一直在进行的动作，可能仍在进行，也可能已

32、停止。e.g.1.It has been raining since last Monday.自上周一以来就一直在下雨。2.Shes been watching television all day.她看了整整一天电视。,用法二：表示一个从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时刚结束。,Where have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere.,用法三：表示过去刚刚完成的动作，对现在有联系或影响。,1.Ive been typing letters all day.（I am very tired.）一整天都在打信件。（我太累了。）2.

33、Susan has been crying.（Susans eyes are red.）苏姗一直在哭。（眼睛都哭红了。）,Practice:How I wish I could bring some laughter to my students who _ so hard.will work B.had worked C.have been working D.were working2.Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work?-Yes,thats why I _ to work by train.have gone B.have been goingC

34、.was going D.will have gone,现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较:,Note 1:两者都可表示延续至今的状态,但现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性；而现在完成时着重说明一个事实。A.They have lived in New York.他们住在巴黎。B.They have been living in New York.他们一直住在巴黎。,Note 2:现在完成时强调结果和影响；现在完成进行时强调动作仍在进行。1.Ive cleaned the windows.我把窗户擦干净了。2.Ive been cleaning the windows.我一直在擦窗户。(可能窗户尚未

35、擦完),How many times have you swum in the lake?,How long have you been swimming in the lake?,Note 3:现在完成时表示动作重复的次数，提问时用how many times;而现在完成进行时则表示持续的不间断的动作，提问时用how long.,I have visited Egypt twice this month.,I have been touring Egypt for two months.,注意：never,yet,already,ever and once,twice等频率时间状语不能用于现

36、在完成进行时。,Note 4:现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。,I have waited for two hours.我等了两小时。（陈述事实）I have been waiting for two hours.我等了两个小时。（等得好辛苦）,1.Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.I think so.He _ for it for months.A.is preparingB.was preparingC.had been preparingD.has been preparing2.By the time he realizes he _ into a trap,itll be too late for him to do anything about it.walks B.walked C.has walked D.had walked,3.Hi,Tracy，you look pale.I am tired.I _ the living room all day.painted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted,