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1、第十一讲 现在分词和过去分词,学习指南 牢记:1、现在分词和过去分词的作用:定状补表。释:主谓宾,定状补,表同介宾。(取中间4个字)2、英语的十种状语:时地方频目,原结条让伴。,现在分词和过去分词 现在分词(Present participle)和过去分词(Past Participle)是四种非谓语动词中的其中二种。虽然它们的形式不同,但句法作用却是相同,所以权且一起论述。一、现在分词和过去分词的作用:1、定语 现在分词和过去分词作定语时,通常表现为如下两种形式:1)单词做定语 2)短语做定语 说明:前者放在被修饰词前面;后者放在被修饰词后面。现在分词做定语时,有“主动”和“动作正在进行”的
2、意思,而过去分词做定语时,却有“被动”或“动作已完成”的意思。,例如:The man standing over there is my teacher.站在那边的男人是我的老师。(修饰man,含主动)The standing man is my teacher.那位站着的男人是我的老师。(修饰man,含主动)The girl lost last night has been found.昨晚丢失的女孩已经找到了。(修饰girl,含被动)The lost girl has been found.丢失的女孩已经找到了。(修饰girl,含被动),2、状语 分词做状语时,可表现为十种:时地方频目,原
3、结条让伴。它们 通常放在句首或句末;有时也放在主谓之间,但前后须用逗号隔开。Driving on the highway,I feel very uncomfortable.在公路上开车时,我感到很不舒服。(时状)Driven by a child,the car will become dangerous.当汽车由一个小孩来驾驶时,车就会变得危险了。(时状)Acting as I tell you,youll finish the task on time.如果你按我说的去做,你会按时完成这个任务。(条状)Caught last month,you would be in prison no
4、w.如果上个月你被抓的话,那么你现在可能在监狱里。(条状)Following a man,I walked quietly into the ballroom.我跟在一个男人的后面,静悄悄地走进舞厅。(伴状)The teacher walked in,followed by a group of students.老师在一群学生的簇拥下走了进来。(伴状)He went away,leaving his son alone at home.他走了,家里只留下他的儿子。(结状),释:为了表示明确的时间或条件状语,可以在分词 前加上相关的连词以示强调,例如:when,while 和if等。While
5、 leaving the station,she waved to us once more.在离开车站时,她再一次向我们招手。If given two minutes more,I would surely have finished it.如果再给我两分钟时间,我肯定可以做完。,3、补语 补语包括主语补足语和宾语补足语。分词做宾补时,通常放在宾语后面,在逻辑上和宾语有主谓关系;而当宾语拿来做主语时,原来的宾补,便成了主补。例如:I saw him crossing the street yesterday.昨天我看见他横过街道。(宾补)He was seen crossing the st
6、reet yesterday.昨天有人看见他横过街道。(主补)She saw him caught by a policeman.她看见他被一个警察抓走了。(宾补)He was seen caught by a policeman.有人看见他被一个警察抓走了。(主补)You should keep her informed of the latest news here.你应该随时告诉她这里的最新消息。(宾补)释:现在分词做宾补,表示动作的一部分;而不定式做 宾补,则表示动作的全过程。例如:I heard him singing upstairs.我听到他在楼上唱歌。(听到一部分)I hear
7、d him sing upstairs.我听到他在楼上唱歌。(听到全过程),4、表语 系动词或连系动词之后的现在分词或过去分词 称之为表语(或称主补)。The book is very interesting.这本书很有趣。He looked disappointed at the news.听到这个消息后,他看上去很诅丧。The door remained locked all the year round.这扇门一年到头都锁着。说明:上述各句划线部分为表语(或称主补)。,二、现在分词的时态和语态:与动名词和不定式相似,现在分词也有 时态和语态的变化。以动词do为例,现在分词的时态和语态,具
8、有如下几种形式:一般式主动态:doing 完成式主动态:having done 一般式被动态:being done 完成式被动态:having been done,1、一般式主动态:用法:现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时发生。形式:doing(现在分词)I saw him fishing by the lake.我看见他在湖边钓鱼。(同时发生)Being a Party member,you should serve the people.。(同时发生)因为你是党员,所以应该为人民服务,2、完成式主动态:用法:现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生。形式:having done(过去分词)Having
9、done the work,I went home.干完工作后,我就回家了。释:先干完工作,后回家。Having seen the film,he decided to stay at home.因为看过那部电影,所以他决定呆在家里。,3、一般式被动态:当现在分词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时,现在分词常用被动态。用法:现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时发生,且含被动之意。形式:being done(过去分词)I saw him being beaten by a group of gangsters.我看见他正在被一群匪徒殴打。(释:“being beaten”表示被动和动作正在进行,做宾补)He w
10、as seen being beaten by a group of gangsters.有人看见他正在被一群匪徒殴打。(释:“being beaten”表示被动和动作正在进行,做主补)Humen Bridge being built will be the longest one in Dongguan City.建设之中的虎门大桥将是东莞市最长的桥梁。(释:“being built”既有被动又有动作正在进行的意思,做定语),4、完成式被动态 用法:现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生,且含被动 之意。形式:having been done(过去分词)Having been given a ch
11、ance,I would have gone to Hong Kong without hesitation.(条件从句,表示违背过去的假设)如果让我来选择,我会毫不犹豫地选择去香港。Having been told the sad news,the mother was crying all day.听到噩耗后,这位母亲哭了一整天。(时间状语),说明:1、现在分词短语做原因状语时,可用一般式或完成式。不过,须视情况而定。例如:Not knowing her address,I had to ask the passers-by.Having seen the film,I did not g
12、o to cinema with her.2、现在分词短语做时间状语时,须用完成式的地方,决不 能用一般式。例如:Having done my work,I went home immediately.(正)Doing my work,I went home immediately.(误),3、当过去分词短语拥有特定的时间状语时,则须用一般式被动态,不能用完成式被动态。原因是:动作的先后问题已被时间状语所说明。例如:The man killed last night was a famous doctor.(正)The man having been killed last night was
13、 a doctor.(误)The airport damaged during the war is being rebuilt.(正)The airport having been damaged during the war is beingrebuilt.(误),三、附加说明:及物动词的过去分词做定语时,含被动和动作已经完成的意思。不及物动词的过去分词作定语时,含主动和动作已经完成的意思。例如:a fallen leaf(vi)一片落叶 a frozen food(vt)一种冰冻食品 a recorded talk(vt)一次录音谈话 a closed shop(vt)一个关门的商店 a retired worker(vi)一位退休工人 an escaped prisoner(vi)一个逃犯,复习与检测I.Answer the following questions in Chinese orally:1、现在分词和过去分词在做定语时有何区别?2、现在分词和过去分词在句中可做什么状语?3、句中做宾补的现分或过分能否转变为主补?4、现在分词和过去分词都有时态和语态,对吗?5、一般式主动态和完成式主动态所表示的动作 与谓语动词的动作在时间方面有何不同?6、一般式被动态和完成式被动态分别具有哪两个特点?7、及物和不及物动词的过去分词做定语时各有何特点?,
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