edema水肿 ppt课件.ppt
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1、体液在组织间隙或体腔积聚过多,称为水肿(edema)。体液在体腔积聚过多,称为积水(hydrops)。水肿是等渗液体积聚,一般不伴有细胞水肿。细胞内液积聚过多,称为细胞水肿。,水肿(edema),水肿的分类classification,按分布范围可分为:全身水肿systemic和局部local水肿 按发生部位命名:如brain脑edema、pulmonary肺edema、subcutaneous皮下edema、edema in lower limb下肢水肿等。按其原因命名:renal edema肾性水肿、hepatic edema肝性水肿、cardiac edema心性水肿、nutrition
2、al edema营养性水肿、venous obstructive edema 静脉阻塞性水肿、lymphatic edema淋巴水肿、inflammatory edema炎性水肿等。,The normal process for tissue fluid formation,The normal process for tissue fluid formation,basic mechanisms for edema,一、血管内外液体交换失衡组织液生成大于回流Imbalance of fluid interchange across capillarie-excessive body flui
3、d formation1、毛细血管流体静压升高:Increased capillary blood pressure etiologic factors淤血致静脉压升高venous congestion 局部淤血:血栓阻塞、肿瘤或疤痕压迫 全身淤血:右心衰竭动脉性充血arterial hyperemia是炎性水肿的发生原因之一。,水肿发生的基本机制,2、血浆胶体渗透压降低:Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure,血浆胶体渗透压主要取决于血浆白蛋白的含量。血浆白蛋白含量降低主要原因:白蛋白合成障碍disorder in albumin synthesi
4、s:肝实质严重损害(如肝硬化)、营养不良。白蛋白的丢失:excessive loss of albumin 肾病综合征 蛋白质分解代谢增强:increased albumin catabolism 慢性消耗性疾病(如慢性感染、恶性肿瘤等)。,3、微血管壁通透性增加:Increased capillary permeability,主要原因:炎症、缺氧和酸中毒。Main causes:inflammation/hypoxia/acidosis 当微血管壁通透性增高时,血浆蛋白质从微细血管壁滤出,使血浆胶体渗透压下降,组织间液胶体渗透压上升。水肿液的特点:蛋白质含量较高(3-6g%),为渗出液ex
5、udate fluid。(漏出液Transudate fluid:protein concentration is low.,Common factors:肿瘤压迫press by tumor mass、癌细胞阻塞obstructed by cancer cells、局部淋巴结摘除remove of lymph nodes、丝虫病filariasis等;lymphatic return is a very important resistance for the formation of edema 水肿液的特点:蛋白质含量高(4-5g%),4、淋巴回流受阻:Obstruction of ly
6、mphatic flow,二、体内外液体交换失衡钠水潴留Increase renal retention of sodium and water,球管失平衡基本形式示意图,1、Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis 急性肾小球肾炎炎性渗出物的堆积和内皮细胞的肿胀。慢性肾小球肾炎肾单位严重破坏,肾小球滤过面积明显减少。2、Decrease effective circulating blood volume 有效循环血量明显减少 Congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭、Nephrotic syndrome 肾病综合征等,肾血流减少。,(一
7、)、肾小球滤过率降低:Decreased glomerular filtration rate(GFR),1、心房利钠肽分泌减少 decreased atrial natriuretic peptide secretion2、肾小球滤过分数增加 increased glomerular filtration fraction 3、醛固酮分泌增加:促进远曲小管对Na+的重吸收。increased aldosterone secretion4、ADH分泌增加:促进远曲小管和集合管对水的重吸收。,(二)、肾小管对钠、水重吸收增加)Increased tubule reabsorption,incre
8、ased ADH secretion,characteristic of edema,1、according to protein content:transudate漏出液、exudate渗出液2、according to the change of skin pitting edema 显性水肿(凹陷性水肿)non-pitting edema 隐性水肿(非凹陷性水肿)间质中胶样网状物吸附水分,使之不能移动。,3、全身水肿的分布特点Distribution for systemic edema cardiac edema:first seen in the lower limbs renal
9、 edema:first seen in the eyelid hepatic edema:ascite,常见水肿类型与特点,二、renal edema,1、edema in nephropathy肾病性水肿:hypoproteinemia 2、edema in nephritis肾炎性水肿:GFR decrease,1、vasogenic edema 血管源性脑水肿:increased capillary permeability。见于外伤、肿瘤、出血和梗死。2、cellular edema细胞中毒性脑水肿:见于缺氧和急性稀释性低钠血症。3、interstitial edema 间质性脑水肿
10、:Imbalance between the formation and reflow of cerebrospinal fluid,三、brain edema,各种脑水肿发生机制示意图,水肿对机体的影响,(一)、有利效应1、循环系统的重要“安全阀”2、稀释毒素3、纤维蛋白限制病原体扩散、有利于白细胞吞噬病原体。(二)、有害效应1、影响器官、组织的功能活动2、细胞营养不良,Alterations of Metabolism and Function,*Beneficial effects,Dilute toxin,Prevent bacteria from spreading,Protect
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