灾难需求之快速评估.ppt
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1、災難需求之快速評估,Purpose,Confirm the emergencyDescribe the type,impact and possible evolution of the emergencyMeasure its present and potential health impactAssess the adequate of existing response capacity and immediate additional needsRecommend priority action for immediate response,快速評估的範圍(1),確認災難對社會的衝擊
2、和社會的處理能力確認弱勢族群,特別是婦女和兒童確認緊急的需求與可提供給災民的有效方法確認災區的反應程度與內部(包括災民)的處理能力確認災民需求的優先性,與災民自己喜歡的策略確認外援反應的程度,快速評估的範圍(2),向中央建議災難處理的優先順序確認那種深度評估應該進行提供基本資料以作為後來監測的參考狀況無法確定或需求超過US25000清楚自己的能力並告知當地政府,評估的種類,災難狀況評估需求評估,災難狀況評估項目(1),災難的位置及範圍災民數死亡率外傷及疾病種類災民的特徵及狀況緊急醫療、衛生、營養、飲水及健康狀態持續或緊急威脅的程度(天然人為),災難狀況評估項目(2),基層組織及重要設施的損害。
3、房屋及商業建築物的損害。農業及食物供應系統的損害。經濟資源及社會組織的損害。無助災民在未來數週(月)對災難嚴重程度的影響。災區本身處理災難能力的程度及反應。其他團體的動員形情。,Indicators,DeathNo of impact-related deaths in population of disaster areaNo of impact-related deaths by age and genderNo of impacted-related deaths in population within specific location or habitatNo of deaths
4、per number of destroyed housesNo of impact-related deaths per unit of time after disaster in population of disaster area,Indicators,MorbidityNo of medical consultations in surviving populationTime distribution of medical consultationDistribution of types of medical conditionsIncidence of communicabl
5、e diseasesOccupancy of hospital beds and duration of hospitalizationGeographical origin of hospitalized supplies,Indicators,CasualtiesNo of deaths per number of casualtiesNo of casualties per population of disaster areaDistribution of types of casualties,評估的基本要素,預備計劃標準化:名詞、分類、調查、技術、程序、表格調查和資料收集快速且完整
6、標明資料來源、潛在問題的形態及指標分析預測報告監測,Methodological Problems,Compromise between timeliness and accuracyCompeting priority for informationLogistical constrainAbsence of baseline informationDenominator data unavailable,Methodological Problems,cont.,Underreporting of health eventsLack representativenessResource c
7、osts of collecting and analyzing dataLack of standardized reporting mechanisms,資料收集方法,資料資訊正確性及時與適當頻率取得資訊的有效性,常用收集資料的方法,地方政府的重要項目自我評估目視和訪問訪問重要消息人士醫療衛生機構災民特殊特徵的樣本調查簡單隨機抽樣系統隨機抽樣分層隨機抽樣族群抽樣,No conclusion can be made about persons who are not in the sampling universe,Process of Selecting A Sample,Define t
8、he area under studyDraw a rough mapGeographical feature,people live,relative population concentrationUse local informationAsk different people their opinion,Process of Selecting A Sample,cont1,Simplest and quickest survey50 households at random2 or 3 people/one afternoon,Process of Selecting A Sampl
9、e,cont2,Decide how to select the sample and its sizeSize of the area under studyNumber of investigators availableAmount of time available for surveyAvailability of transportDistribution of the affected populationDifferent circumstances facing people in various parts of the emergency-affected area,Pr
10、ocess of Selecting A Sample,cont3,Cluster samplingSave survey costNo of households visited in each clusterWhat is to be assessedVaccination survey7 households are chosen in each cluster3 to 5 teams of interviewers/at least 3 days,評估的成功關鍵(1),使用者的特殊性確認計劃所需的資訊規格化考量評估時間確認取得正確資訊的最佳地點區分緊急與長期需求,評估的成功關鍵(2),
11、評估需求和弱點與能力的關係Needs:immediate requirements for survival.Vulnerabilities:potential areas for harm and include factors that increase the risks to the affected population.Capacities:means and resources that can be mobilized by the affected population to meet their own needs and reduce vulnerability.使用統一
12、的名詞、標準和程序,評估過程要點(1),一般(1)誤差的產生資訊會隨時間而改變如果災難處理者能確認接續的災情、監測將比評估來的重要你看不到的東西通常比你看得到的東西來得重要,評估過程要點(2),一般(2)使用初次評估來建立接續的資料收集及分析系統大部分的報告應該是重覆,而非詳細初步評估要能直接對計劃形成提供資訊 報告的時機很重要,沒有參考點,大部分評估資料將缺乏價值,評估過程要點(3),評估的建議對復原的影響某些救濟計劃可能造成依賴性及嚴重降低存活者處理下次災難的能力協助災民修復具活力的社會經濟體係建議應該是簡單、協助使用地方物資系統,災後疾病監測醫療實務,天然災害疫病爆發流行,?,疾病爆發流
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