维生素B、C、Se和VE缺乏症.ppt
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1、你缺哪种维生素,缺VA:指甲出现深刻明显的白线,头发枯干,皮肤粗糙,记忆力减退,心情烦躁及失眠;缺VB1:对外界刺激比较敏感,小腿有间歇性的酸痛;缺VB2:嘴角破裂溃烂,出现各种皮肤性疾病,手脚有灼热感觉。对光有过度敏感的反应;缺VB3:舌头红肿,口臭,口腔溃疡,情绪低落;缺VB6:舌苔厚重,嘴唇浮肿,头皮特多,口腔黏膜干燥;缺VB12:行动易失平衡,身体时有间歇性不定位置痛楚,手指及脚趾酸痛;缺VC:伤口不易愈合,虚弱,牙齿出血,舌苔厚重。,第二节 水溶性维生素缺乏症,Diseases caused by deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins,B1(硫
2、胺素)-thiamin B2(核黄素)-riboflavin B3(泛酸)-pantothenic acid B4(胆碱)-choline B5(烟酸或尼克酸)-nicotinic acid B6(吡哆醇、吡哆醛、吡哆胺)-pyridoxine B7或VH(生物素)-biotin B11(叶酸)-folic acid B12(钴胺素)-are all synthesized by microbial activity,nicotinic acid and vitamin Care synthesized by other means.,水溶性维生素,水溶性维生素包括B族维生素、Vc,这些维生素
3、对食草动物一般不太重要,因为它们的消化道内的微生物可以合成。Vc也可借其它途径合成。但对年青的犊牛、羔羊、马驹,当瘤胃或盲肠消化尚未健全时,非食草动物,容易引起B族维生素缺乏。Vc也可在各种动物体内合成,在家畜中也不是很重要,但当有皮肤疾患时,亦可产生Vc缺乏。,Construction,Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B complex,Be of minor importance in herbivores草食动物 animals(except for vitamin Bl2),all synthesized by micr
4、obial activity,nicotinic acid and vitamin C are synthesized by other means.,B1(硫胺素)-thiamin B2(核黄素)-riboflavin B3(泛酸)-pan-tothenic acid B4(胆碱)-B5(烟酸或尼克酸)-nicotinic acid B6(吡哆醇、吡哆醛、吡哆胺)-pyridoxine B7或VH(生物素)-biotin B11(叶酸)-folic acid B12(钴胺素)-are all synthesized by microbial activity,nicotinic acid a
5、nd vitamin C are synthesized by other means.,the young calf or lamb,in the period before ruminal activity begins,likely to receive inadequate supplies of these vitamins.,B族维生素在动物体内分布大体相同,在提取时常互相混合,在生物学上作为一种连锁反应的辅酶,故统称复合维生素B。但它们的化学结构和生理功能又都互不相同,主要是组成某些辅酶或辅基的成分。,Vitamin CVitamin C is synthesized by al
6、l species,is not an important dietary essential in any of the domestic animals.synthesis occurs in tissues.although blood levels fall after birth,in the newborn calf they begin to rise again at about 3 weeks of age.a dermatosis皮肤病of young calves with low ascorbic抗坏血酸 acid.,一、维生素B族缺乏症(Hypovitaminosis
7、 B),B族维生素是一组多种水溶性维生素,(一)、维生素B1缺乏症Thiamin Deficiency,(Hypothiamin Deficiency),家禽维生素B1缺乏症的诊断与防治,家禽维生素B1缺乏是由于体内硫胺素缺乏或不足时引起禽类厌食及多发性神经机能障碍为主要特征的营养代谢病,在自拌饲料时,给家禽饲喂了加碱、加热的饲料后易引发此症。,1 临床症状,幼禽患病可在2周前发生,病禽发病突然,表现为精神萎顿、闭目嗜睡、厌食、羽毛松乱、两翅下垂、生长不良、贫血及步态不稳,针刺脚趾等部无痛感,两脚外翻或一前一后呈“劈叉”样,开始脚趾屈肌麻痹,随后向上发展,腿、翅和颈的的伸肌麻痹,患禽全身坐于屈
8、曲的腿上,头向上向后仰,呈“观星”姿势,随后失去站立与直坐能力而倒地,倒到后仍保持头向后仰,不断挣扎,两腿做游泳状,体温可降到36以下。成年家禽硫胺素缺乏时发病较慢,常在3周出现症状。患病初期食欲下降及体重减轻,羽毛蓬松,腿软无力,步态不稳,以后神经症状逐渐明显,有个别病禽出现出血拉稀。,2 剖检病变,雏鸡肝脏呈淡黄色,胆囊胀大以及消化道黏膜有出血外,其他脏器无肉眼可见病变。患病成年鸡胃肠发炎,十二指肠溃疡与萎缩,肾上腺肥大,生殖器官萎缩,睾丸较卵巢明显。心脏萎缩。,3 诊断,根据饲养管理情况,临床症状和病理解剖学变化进行诊断。,4 治疗,雏鸡发病后,饲养员用土霉素、硫胺脒和青霉素等药物治疗效
9、果较差。后来用VBl注射液与其他药物配合治疗起到了满意的效果。挑出食量减少、腿软无力、站立不稳的鸡20羽分开饲养,10只不用药,10只肌注维生素B1注射液口服鱼肝油丸、钙片,并喂给青菜等。治疗的病雏从第3天开始好转,能站立行走,到第6天饮食和站立行走恢复正常,不用药的症状严重,35d死亡。,5 防制措施,平时应尽量使用新鲜饲料,或在日粮中提供足够的VB1。饲料中补充发芽的谷物麸皮、干酵母粉,有利于本病康复。避免长期使用与维生素B1有拮抗作用的抗球虫药,如氨丙啉等,气温高时及时加大VB1的用量,以满足禽对VB1需求量的增加,可防止VB1缺乏病。,1、概念,禽类及其他非草食动物或幼年动物饲料中缺乏
10、VB1或因VB1拮抗成分太多,可引起缺乏症。临床上以神经机能障碍为特点。,1、Concept,due to deficiency of the vitamin in the diet,destruction of the vitamin in the diet by thiaminase,characterized chiefly by nervous signs.,2、分布广泛存在于各种植物性饲料中,麸皮、米糠,酵母稻麦类饲料(外胚层,胚体)发芽的种子中含量极高,晒干的牛粪、马粪只有玉米中缺乏烟酸。动物性食物:初乳、肉类、肝、心、肾,2、Distribution,A primary defi
11、ciency is unlikely under natural conditions most plants,especially seeds,grains、cereals yeast,the feces,Milk、meat、liver、kidneycontain adequate amounts.,Milk,colostrum初乳 and milk are good sources of the water-soluble vitamins,ewes milk being much richer than cows milk.,注意,禽、猪等动物由于肠道合成VB的量不能满足机体的需要,应不
12、断补充。,Notice!,Microbial synthesis of thiamin also occurs in the alimentary tract of monogastric animals,but not in sufficient quantities to avoid the necessity for a dietary supply,so that deficiency states,3、Property of Vitamin B1,Thiamin is relatively unstable,easily destroyed by cooking.,4、病因1)原发性
13、缺乏主要因饲料中VB1供应不足,幼龄动物由于母乳以及代乳品中VB1含量不足。2)继发性VB1缺乏是动物食入过多VB1拮抗物:马属动物采食蕨类植物,引起神经症状。发酵饲料,其中蛋白质含量不足,糖类过剩;犬、猫饲料中含有过多的生鱼,其中含硫胺素酶可破坏硫胺素。3)其他:动物胃肠机能紊乱,微生物群系破坏,长期慢性腹泻,长期大量使用抗菌素等。,4、Etiology,primaryly,due to deficiency of the vitamin in the diet.secondary,because of destruction of the vitamin in the diet by th
14、iaminase.,4、Etiology,excess raw fish in the diet of carnivores,In horses,the ingestion of excessive quantities of bracken fern蕨类、horsetail马尾草、turnips芜菁a thiamin antagonist produced by certain plants,bacteria,fungi,and fish.the coccidiostat atnprolium.,5、发病机理,硫胺素作为一种辅酶,与硫辛酸和辅酶(NAD)一起,在丙酮酸的氧化脱羧中起重要作用。
15、此外在磷酸已糖循环中,焦磷酸硫胺素是转酮反应的辅酶。当动物缺乏VB1,糖代谢不能顺利进行,大脑和神经系统对能量供给最敏感,当VB1缺乏时,过多的丙酮酸和乳酸分解受阻,在组织内蓄积,引起脑皮质坏死而呈现痉挛、抽搐、麻痹等神经症状,且心肌迟缓,心力衰竭。,5、发病机理 硫胺素作为多种酶的辅酶,在丙酮酸的氧化脱羧及糖、脂代谢过程中起重要作用。1)缺VB1,糖代谢受阻,过多的丙酮酸和乳酸分解受阻,在组织内蓄积,引起皮质坏死而呈现痉挛、抽搐、麻痹等神经症状,且心肌弛缓,心力衰竭。2)糖代谢紊乱进而影响脂代谢,导致中枢和外周神经鞘损伤,引起多发性神经炎。3)又因VB1可促进乙酰胆碱合成,缺乏VB1时,胆碱
16、能神经传导障碍,致胃肠蠕动缓慢,消化液分泌减少、消化不良。,5、Pathogenesis,function of thiamin is its activity as a cocarboxylase脱羧辅酶in the metabolism of fats,carbohydrates and proteins,leads to the accumulation of endogenous pyruvates丙酮酸盐,depend largely on carbohydrate as a source of energy to brain.,6、Clinical Findings,Muscle
17、tremor颤动,unable to rise,Clonic 阵挛的convulsions抽搐,paralysis瘫痪,麻痹,6、临床症状猪:因用生杂鱼或在海滩上放牧引起VB1缺乏,易发生呕吐、腹泻、后肢跛行、步态不稳、痉挛、抽搐甚至瘫痪,间或出现强直、痉挛,最后麻痹,直到死亡。鸭:发病后常发生阵发性神经症状,头歪向一侧,或仰头转圈,随着病情发展,发作次数增多,并逐渐加重,全身抽搐或角弓反张而死亡。,6、Clinical Findings,due to cardiac心脏的irregularity:Incoordination falling,bradycardia心搏徐缓,the heart
18、 rate slow,swaying from side to side,In pigs,inappetence,emaciation,leg weakness,a fall in body temperature、respiratory rate and heart rate,the electrocardiogram is abnormal,Muscle tremor颤动,unable to rise,Clonic 阵挛的convulsions抽搐,tetanic convulsions.paralysis瘫痪,麻痹,In calves,weakness,incoordination,co
19、nvulsions抽搐,retraction收回 of the head,anorexia厌食,severe scouring腹泻,dehydration脱水.,禽:雏鸡敏感,表现多发性神经炎。发病突然,呈现“观星姿势”,因腿麻痹不能站立和行走,病鸡以跗关节和尾部着地行走,严重者衰竭死亡。成年鸡病初食欲减退,羽毛松乱无光泽,腿软无力、步态不稳。鸡冠常呈蓝紫色,后神经症状逐渐明显。开始是脚趾的屈肌麻痹,接着向上发展,腿、翅膀和颈部的伸肌明显地出现麻痹。有些出现贫血和拉稀。,犬、猫:可引起对称性脑灰质软化症,小脑桥和大脑皮质损伤。表现厌食,平衡失调,惊厥,呈现勾颈,头向腹侧弯,知觉过敏,瞳孔扩大,
20、运动神经麻痹,四肢呈进行性瘫痪,最后呈半昏迷,四肢强直死亡。,反刍动物:犊牛、羔羊以神经症状为主,起初表现兴奋,呈转圈,无目的地奔跑,惊厥,四肢抽搐,坐地,共济失调,最后倒地抽搐,昏迷死亡。人:1.神经组织损伤(神经炎,脚气病);2.心脏受损(心脏扩张,心跳减速);3.肌肉组织损伤(萎缩):有时候表现浮肿、食欲不振,消化不良,生长缓慢。,7、Clinical pathology,Blood pyruvic acid levels in horses are raised from normal levels of 20-30g/L to 60-80 g/d.Blood thiamin leve
21、ls are reduced from normal levels of 80-100 g/d to 25-30 g/d.,8、Necropsy Findings,myocardial心肌的lesionsedema水肿,Dilatation扩张.No macroscopic肉眼可见的lesions,9、诊断1)根据饲料成分分析,临床症状和病理剖解变化(心肌弛缓、肌肉萎缩和大脑典型性坏死灶等)可做出初步诊断。2)实验室检查:血液丙酮酸浓度从20-30g/L升高至60-80g/L;血浆硫胺素浓度从正常时80-100g/L降至25-30g/L;脑脊液中细胞数量增高(03个/ml增加到25100个/m
22、l)。3)补充VB1可作治疗性诊断。,10、防治1)轻度缺乏时补充含VB1多的饲料。2)严重VB1缺乏症时,用盐酸硫胺素注射液,(0.250.5mgkg体重),肌肉或静脉注射,每3h一次,连用34d,效果较好。3)大剂量使用VB1可引起酥软,呼吸困难,昏迷等不良反应。应及早使用扑尔敏,安钠咖和糖盐水抢救。,10、Treat,An oral source of thiamin should be given daily for 10 days.the injection of a solution of the vitamin 5 mg/kg BW given every 3 hoursthe
23、initial dose is usually given IV followed by IM injections for 2-4 days.,11、Treat,in general,the daily requirement of thiamin for monogastric animals is 30-60g/kg BW.the addition of yeast,cereals,grains,liver,and meat meal to the ration usually provides adequate thiamin.,二、维生素B2缺乏症Riboflavin Deficie
24、ncy(Hyporiboflavinosis)核黄素,Construction,Although riboflavin is essential for cellular oxidative processes in all animals,the occurrence of deficiency under natural conditions is rare in domestic animals.,1、概念,发病动物表现生长阻滞,皮炎,禽类脚爪卷缩,飞节着地等行为特征。主要发生于家禽、貂、猪等,幼年食草动物偶有发生。,2、分布带叶蔬菜、鱼、乳、肉等饲料中含量较多,许多动物自身及体内微生物
25、也可合成。比较耐热,280开始熔化、分解。常温下热稳定,不受空气中氧的影响。,2、Distribution,good sources Actively growing green plants,Animal protein-fish、milk、meatsome synthesis by alimentary tract microflora occurs in all species.synthesis by microbial activity is sufficient for the needs of ruminants.but a dietary source is required
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