有机合成中的保护基.ppt
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1、第六章 有机合成中的保护基,将不希望发生反应的部位保护起来成为衍生物形式,待达到目的后再恢复到原来的官能团。,下列情况考虑应用保护基团:,保护一些基团后能控制反应的区域选择性,保护某些基团后有利于多种产物的分离,保护某些基团后能提高反应的立体选择性,保护基团(Protecting Groups):,选择保护基时要考虑:,1、保护基的供应来源,经济易得,2、必须能容易地进行保护,且保护效率要高,5、保护基团在高度专一的条件下能选择性、高效率地被除去,4、保护后的化合物要能承受得起以后进行的反应和后处理过程,3、保护基的引入对化合物的结构论证不致增加过量的复杂性,如引入新的手性中心,6、去保护过程
2、的副产物和产物能容易被分离,酯类保护基的生成,酸酐/酰氯 溶剂:Py-CH2Cl2 Cat:DMAP,Nicolaou,K.C.;Webber,S.E.Synthesis 1986,717.,一、酯类保护基,第一节 羟基的保护,酯类保护基的除去,一般情况下,酯类保护基在碱性条件下除去,但各种酰基的水解能力不同:,t-BuCO PhCO MeCO ClCH2CO.,常用的碱:K2CO3,NH3,KCN,肼、胍、Et3N或 i-Pr2NEt,位阻较大的酯需要较强的碱性体系:KOH/MeOH,1、Formate Ester:ROOCH,Formation,1、85%HCOOH,60C,1 h,93%
3、yield primary alcohol of a pyranoside.2、70%HCOOH,cat.HClO4,50-550 C,good yields.3、HCOOH,BF3*2MeOH,90%yield.,Cleavage,1、KHCO3,H2O,MeOH,20C,3 days2、Dil.NH3,pH 11.2,20C,62%yield.,I.W.Hughes,F.Smith,and M.Webb,J.Chem.Soc.,3437(1949).,Formation,2、Acetate Ester(ROAc):,1、Ac2O,Pyr,20,12 h,100%yield。2、CH3COC
4、l,25,16 h,67-79%yield.3、Ac2O or AcCl,Pyr,DMAP,24-80,l-40 h,72-95%yield。,NaH,93%yield.Primary alcohols,4、,5、MeC(OMe)3,TsOH,1.5 h,then H2O for 30 min,6、Ac2O,Sc(NTf2)3,CH3CN,0 0C,1 h,99%yield.The method is also good for tertiary alcohols.,1.K2CO3,MeOH,H2O,20 0 C,1 h,100%yield。When catalytic NaOMe is us
5、ed as the base in methanol,the Method is referred to as the Zemplen de-O-acetylation.,2、KCN,95%EtOH,20 0 C to reflux,12 h,93%yield.,3、Guanidine,EtOH,CH2Cl2,rt,85-100%yield.,4、BF3*Et2O,wet CH3CN,96%yield,Cleavage,1、(ClCH2CO)2O,Pyr,00C”,70-90%yield.2、ClCH2COCl,Pyr,ether,87%yield.3、PPh3,DEAD,ClCH2CO2H,
6、73%yield.4、Vinyl chloroacetate,Cp*2Sm(THF)2,toluene,rt,99%yield.With SmI2 as catalyst,the yield is 79%.,3、Chloroacetate Ester:ClCH2CO2R,Formation,Cleavage,1、HSCH2CH2NH2 or H2NCH2CH2NH2 or o-phenylenediamine,Pyr,Et3N,1 h,rt.2、Thiourea,NaHCO3,EtOH,70 0C,5 h,70%yield.3、H2O,Pyr,pH 6.7,20 h,100%yield.,4、
7、NH2NHC(S)SH,lutidine,AcOH,2-20 min,rt,88-99%yield.,1.Cl3CCOCl,Pyr,DMF,20 0 C,2 days,60-90%yield.,4、Trichloroacetate Ester:RO2CCCl3,Formation,1.NH3,EtOH,CHCl3,200C,6 h,8 1%yield.,Cleavage,2 KOH,MeOH,72%yield.A formate ester was not hydrolyzed under these conditions.,V.Schwarz,Collect.Czech.Chem.Commu
8、n.,27,2567(1962).,S.Bailey,A.Teerawutgulrag,and E.J.Thomas,J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun.,1995,25 19,5、Pivaloate Ester(Pv-OR):(CH3)3CCO2R,Nicolaou,K.C.;Webber,S.E.Synthesis 1986,717.,Cleavage,1、NaOMe,MeOH,90%yield,2、Sm,I2,MeOH,24 h reflux,95%yield.Troc,Ac,and Bz groups are also cleaved.,K.C.Nicolaou,T.J.C
9、aulfield,H.Kataoka,and N.A.Stylianides,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,112,3693(1990).,R.Yanada,N.Negoro,K.Bessho,and K.Yanada,Synlett,1261(1995).,6、Benzoate Ester(Bz-OR):PhCO2R,Formation,1.BzCl or Bz2O,Pyr,0 0C.,2、PhCO2H,DIAD,Ph3P,THF,84%yield.,2.Et3N,MeOH,H,O(1:5:1),reflux,20 h,86%yield.,Cleavage,1.1%NaOH,MeOH,20
10、0C,50 min,90%yield.,K.Mashimo and Y.Sato,Tetrahedron,26,803(1970).,K.Tsuzuki,Y.Nakajima,T.Watanabe,M.Yanagiya,and T.Matsumoto,Tetrahedron Lett.,989(1978).,7、Alkyl Methyl Carbonate:ROCO2CH3,Formation,Cleavage,A.I.Meyers,K.Tomioka,D.M.Roland,and D.Comins,Tetrahedron Lett.,1375(1978).,8、Alkyl 9-Fluoren
11、ylmethyl Carbonate(Fmoc-OR):,1.FmocCl,Pyr,20”,40 min,8 l-96%yield.,Formation,2、,Et3N,Pyr,2 h,83-96%yield,Cleavage,C.Gioeli and G.B.Chattopadhyaya,J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun.,672(1982).K.Takeda,K,Tsuboyama,M.Hoshino,M,Kishino,and H.Ogura,Synthesis,557,(1987).,9、Alkyl 2,2,2=Trichloroethyl Carbonate(Troc-
12、OR):ROCO2CH2CCl3,Formation,Cl3CCH2OCOCl,Pyr,20 0 C,12 h,Zn,AcOH,20 0C,l-3 h,80%yield.,Sm,I2,MeOH,rt,5 min,100%yield,Zn,MeOH,reflux,short time。,Cleavage,T.B.Windholz and D.B.R.Johnston,Tetrahedron Lett.,2555(1967).,R.Yanada,N.Negoro,K.Bessho,and K.Yanada,Synlett,1261(1995).,10、Alkyl Vinyl Carbonate:R
13、OCO2CH=CH2,CH2=CHOCOCl,Pyr,CH2CI2,93%yield.,Formation,Cleavage,Na2CO3,H2O,dioxane,warm,97%yield.Phenols can be protected under similar conditions.,R.A.Olofson and R.C.Schnur,Tetrahedron Lett.,1571(1977).,11、Alkyl N-Phenylcarbamate:ROCONHPh,PhN=C=O,Pyr,20,2-3 h,100%yield.,Formation,solid,1.MeONa,MeOH
14、,reflux,1.5 h,good yield.,Cleavage,2.LiAlH4,THF,or dioxane,reflux,3-4 h,90%yield.,D.Plusquellec and M.Lefeuvre,Tetrahedron Lett.,28,4165(1987).H.O.Bouveng,Acta Chem.Stand.,15,87,96(1961).,K.L.Agarwal and H.G.Khorana,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,94,3578(1972).,二、成醚保护,1、甲醚,1.Me2SO4,NaOH,Bu4N+I-,org.solvent,60-90%yi
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