第二章 医学词汇的来源.ppt

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1、Chapter Two,Etymological Study of English Language and Medical Terms,Two Types of Medical Terms,Native borrowed,Two Types of Medical Terms,Native:those that derive from Old English,Two Types of Medical Terms,Borrowed words,or loan-words:taken from other languages largely based upon Greek,Latin and F

2、rench vocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanish and others have contributed some words to medical terminology.,Words evolved from old English,Most medical words from old English denote:anatomic structuresOrgansSubstancesbasic concepts of human activities,Words evolved from old English,Changes concerningpronu

3、nciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical),Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changes,anklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandknee,lipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfever,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,blood In O.E.,spelt as blo

4、dperhaps originally meant“to swell,gush,spurt”or that which bursts out”.,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,blood bleedinghemorrhagecerebral hemorrhage脑溢血;脑出血internal hemorrhage内出血subarachnoid hemorrhage蛛网膜下出血subdural hemorrhage硬脑膜下出血,Anatomic words Words evolved f

5、rom old English With Semantical Changes,chestchest In O.E.,cest meaning“box,coffer”.a medicine chest(药箱),Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chestThe meaning was extended to“thorax”in 1530 and replaced breast,on the metaphor that the ribs are a box for the organs.,A

6、natomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chestflat chest扁平胸seen in weak peopleor people withchronic consumption,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chest桶状胸barrel chestcommonly seen in patient with emphysema,Anatomic words Words evolved f

7、rom old English With Semantical Changes,chestrachitic chest rE5kitik佝偻病胸 鸡胸pigeon chestpeople withrachitis rE5kaitis,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,chestfunnel chest 漏斗胸,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,organ It was organe i

8、n O.E.,and orgene in O.Fr.(Old French),both meaning“musical instrument”.,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,organ Sense was narrowed in late M.E.to modern musical instrument known by that name(风琴).,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Chang

9、es,organ Great Organ Works伟大管风琴作品Organ Favorites 最著名的管风琴曲,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,organ The meaning“functioning body part”appeared in English in 1392.What are they?,concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,blind(adj.)Spelt bli

10、nd,it probably shared with blend a base blindaz,meaning“to glimmer indistinctly,to mix,confuse”.He is blind to the effect of his action,concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,blind(adj.)The original sense is not“sightless”but“confused”,concept words Words evolved from o

11、ld English With Semantical Changes,bruise(v.)Spelt brysan in O.E.,it originally meant“to crush”.The present spelling emerged by 17th century with Anglo-French bruiser meaning“to break,smash”,concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,cold In O.E.,it had two forms,cald in An

12、glian and ceald in West Saxon.,concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,coldSense in common cold was introduced in 1537,from symptoms resembling those of exposure to cold.,Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changes,mind In Old English.,it was ge

13、mynd meaning“memory,thinking,intention”.keep/bear in mind-memory make up ones mind-intention,Words originated from Greek,Process,Early Modern English(1500-1800),Time:1500-1800Event:Renaissance Result:wave of innovation in English,Words originated from Greek,acneIt was borrowed from Gk.akme in 1570,m

14、eaning“(highest)point”.It contains the base“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗疮”“粉刺”,Words originated from Greek,acnewhiteheads blackheads pustules nodules,or cysts,Words originated from Greek,acneacne vulgaris 寻常性痤疮 a condition of the epidermis or skintypically occurs on the face,neck,upper back,chest,or

15、 shoulders.,Words originatedfrom Greek,此一疾病的病发点是皮脂腺和毛囊。皮脂腺是人体内制造油性分泌液的腺。皮脂腺较集中的地方，例如脸部，也是痤疮较容易生长的部位。,It is a disease occurring in the skins sebaceous glands and hair follicles.Sebaceous glands are glands that produce an oily moisturizing secretion.The chances of acne occurrence are higher in places

16、with a high concentration of these glands,such as the face.,Words originated from Greek,aneurysmBorrowed in 1611 from Greek Aneurysmos,it literally means“dilation”.ana-(throughout)eurus(wide),Words originated from Greek,anorexiaanorexia It entered English from Greek anorexia in 1598.Made from an-(wi

17、thout)and orexis(appetite,desire),it means“lack of appetite”.Anorexia nervosa(emaciation as a result of severe emotional disturbance)was coined 1873 by William Whitney Gull(1816-1890).,Words originated from Greek,diagnosisIt was Greek diagnosis(a discerning,distinguishing)used as a medical term in E

18、nglish in 1681.The word was evolved from diagignoskein composed of dia-(apart)and gignoskein(to learn,to discern).,Words originated from Greek,diagnosisEndosonography(EUS)guided fine needle aspiration(FNA)is a relatively new imaging modality which is increasingly used for sampling deep seated lymph

19、nodes for staging and diagnosis of primary as well as metastatic malignancies.,Words originated from Greek,diagnosisWe show in this first case report that a diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia(HCL)can be accurately rendered EUS-FNA samples.To consistently make a diagnosis of gastritis,knowledge of the

20、structures seen in normal stomach is required.,Words originated from Greek,diagnosismisdiagnosis misdiagnoseMany gifted and talented children(and adults)are being mis-diagnosed by psychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,and other health care professionals.dual diagnosis,Words originated from Greek

21、,diagnoseBack-formation diagnose was first recorded 1861.Diagnostic was recorded from 1625.,Words originated from Greek,diagnoseWhen diagnosed with cancer,there are a number of motivations to take action.HK woman diagnosed as SARS patient in Guangdong.Miss Arroyo has been diagnosed as HIV-positive,b

22、ecoming the fourth victim of the HIV virus in the current outbreak.The lesions with Score 4,5 were diagnosed as malignancy.Hospitals only admit those patients who are diagnosed as being mentally ill according to the appropriate procedures.The doctor diagnosed the illness as influenza.,Words originat

23、ed from Greek,dyspepticIt was borrowed in 1694 from Greek Dyspeptos,meaning“hard to digest”,made from dys-(bad)and peptos(digested).dyspepsia,Words originated from Greek,glaucomaIt was borrowed into English in 1643 from Greek glaukoma(opacity of the lens)also called glaucosis glaukos(gray)glaucobili

24、n 胆蓝素,Words originated from Greek,metastasisEntering English in 1577,it was derived from Greek metastasis(transference,removal,change),which was evolved from methistanai(to remove,change)composed of meta-(over,across)and histanai(to place,cause to stand).,Words originated from Greek,metastasismE5tAs

25、tEsis It was first used in medicine referring to“shift of disease from one part of the body to another”in English from 1663.,Words originated from Greek,necrosis Entering English in 1665,it was evolved from Greek nekrosis(becoming dead,state of death),formed from the base nekros(dead body,corpse).,W

26、ords originated from Greek,necrosise.g.necrodermatitis坏死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia恋尸狂,恋尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖,Words originated from Greek,pandemicIt was borrowed into English in 1666 from Greek pandemos(pertaining to all people),composed of pan-(all)and demos(people).epidemice.g.Pan Americandemocracy

27、,Words originated from Greek,paralysisIt was borrowed into English in 1525 from Greek paralysis(loosening),evolved from paralyein(disable,enfeeble)composed of para-(beside)and lyein(loosen,untie).,Words originated from Latin,The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to Roman

28、Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after Norman Conquest.As Norman invaders spoke a language that derives from Ancient Latin,borrowing from Latin was inevitable.,Words originated from Latin,abscessIt was borro

29、wed into English from Latin abscessus(an abscess)in 1543.Literally meaning“a going away,”it is derived from ab-(away)and cedere(to go)The notion is that humors“go from”the body through the pus in the swelling.,Words originated from Latin,aortaBorrowed into English in 1578 from Middle Latin aorta,the

30、 term was applied by Aristotle to the great artery of the heart.It literally meant“what is hung up.”,Words originated from Latin,apneaAp5ni:EMeaning“suspension of breathing,”it was borrowed in 1719 from Modern Latin.It was made from Greek apnoia(absence of respiration),composed of a-(not)and pneo/pn

31、ein(to breathe),Words originated from Latin,autopsyBorrowed into English from Modern Latin autopsia(an eye-witnessing)in1651,it is formed from autos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“a sight.”Sense of“dissection of a body to determine cause of death”is first recorded 1678.,Words originated from Latin,autopsya

32、lso called necropsypostmortem postmortem examination,Words originated from Latin,bacteriaThe plural form of Modern Latin of bacterium,it comes into English in 1847.The original Latin word is from Greek bakterion(small staff),the diminitutive of baktron(stick,rod).It is so called because the first on

33、es observed were rod-shaped.,Words originated from Latin,cell It is made from Latin cella(small room,hut),related to Latin celare(to hide,conceal).The earliest sense was for monastic rooms,then prison rooms.It began to be used in biology in the 17th century but not in modern sense until 1845.,Words

34、originated from Latin,clinicIt was borrowed in 1626 from Latin clinicus(physician),which was formed from Greek klinike(practice at the sickbed).from klinikos“of the bed.”It was originally used as an adjective in English,then to refer a“sick person.”The sense of“hospital”was first recorded in 1884.,W

35、ords originated from Latin,cortexEntering English in 1653 from Latin,originally meaning“bark of a tree.”Specific reference of“the outer layer of the brain”was first recorded in 1741.,Words originated from Latin,the cortex ofthe brain the adrenal gland the kidney the cerebellum,brain cortex/cerebral

36、cortexadrenal cortexrenal cortexcerebellar cortex,Words originated from Latin,dystrophyMeaning“defective nutrition,”it was form from Modern Latin dystrophia,from Greek dys-(hard,bad,ill)+trophe(nourishment).,Words originated from Latin,hydrophobiaIt was from late Latin hydrophobia,from hydros(water)

37、and phobos(dread,fear).It is so called because human sufferers show aversion to water and have difficulty swallowing it.,Words originated from Latin,hydrophobiaalso called rabies/mad dog disease,Words originated from Latin,inflameIt was made from Latin inflammare(to set on fire,kindle),from in(in)+f

38、lammare(to flame).Literal sense of“to cause to burn”was first recorded in English in 1382.Inflammation(redness or swelling in a body part)began to be used from 1533.,Words originated from Latin,symptoms of inflammation红肿热痛,other terms of inflammation浸润渗出渗出液,Words originated from Latin,symptoms of in

39、flammation红:rubor/redness肿:tumor/swelling热:calor/hotness痛:dolor/pain,other terms of inflammation浸润:filtration渗出:exudation渗出液:exudate,Words originated from Latin,medicineOriginally ars medicina(the medical art)in Latin,it entering English around 1225 from medicina.,Words originated from Latin,muscleM

40、ade in 1533 from Latin musculus(a muscle),which literally means“little mouse,”the diminutive of mus(mouse).,Words originated from Latin,muscleIt is so called because the shape and movement of some muscles(notably biceps)were thought to resemble mice.analogy in Greek:mys is both“mouse”and“muscle,”and

41、 its combing form gives the medical prefix my/myo.,Words originated from Latin,obstetricsIt was borrowed in 1742 from Modern Latin obstetricus(pertaining to a midwife),which was formed from obstetrix(midwife).Made from obstare(stand opposite to),it literally means“one who stands opposite(the woman g

42、iving birth)”.,Words originated from Latin,placeboIt is Middle English from Latin placebo(I shall please).It was originally used for the rite of Vespers of the Office of the Dead,being the first word of the first antiphon,that is,“Placebo Domino in regione vivorum”(I will please(我愿意)the Lord in the

43、land of the living).,Words originated from Latin,placeboMedical sense(a medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient)is first recorded 1785.,Words originated from Latin,panacea7pAnE5siEIt came into English in 1548 from Latin panacea(an allhealing herb),which originated from Greek panake

44、ia(cureall),from pan(all)and akos(cure).,Words originated from Latin,panacea“hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。,Words originated from Latin,prognosisIt entered English in 1655 from late Latin prognosis,which was m

45、ade from Greek progignoskein(come to know beforehand)from pro(before)and gignoskein(come to know).,Words originated from Latin,tumorIt is Middle English,originating from Latin tumor(swelling,condition of being swollen).,Words originated from Arabian,Words originated from Arabian,Chemistry alchemy 炼金

46、术dura mater dura mater cerebri=hard mother of brainpia mater pia mater cerebri=soft mother of brain,Words originated from Arabian,cephalic vein 头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？basilica vein 贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择syrup,Words originated from French,Words originated from French,After the Norman Conquest,the conquerors ruled t

47、he country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language.As French language itself is a modified form of Latin,many of these borrowed words ultimately come from Greek,since many words form this language had passed into Latin.,Words originated from French,migraine(a seve

48、re form of headache,usually unilateral).French:migraineLatin hemicraniaGreek hemikrania(pain on one side of the head),from the prefix hemi-(half)and kranion(skull).,Words originated from French,hospitalBorrowed in 1242 from Old French hospital(hostel),it originally referred to“shelter for the needy”

49、.Its sense of“institution for sick people”was first recorded 1549.Hospitalize was recorded from 1901.,Words originated from French,faint(adj.)Old French faint(soft,weak,sluggish),which was derived from past participle of faindre(avoid ones duty by pretending),entered English in about 1300.Sense of“w

50、eak,feeble”began to be used in about1320.,Words originated from French,jaundicederived in about 1303 from Old French jaunisse(yellowness),based on jaune(yellow).,Words originated from French,DoctorIt was derived from Old French doctour in about 1303,which originated from M.Latin doctor(religious tea