应用化学专业英语unit.ppt

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1、The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substance,无机化合物命名法,You will meet compounds in this text and will learn their name as you go along.,在本文中，你会遇到许多化合物，并且当你阅读下去时你将获悉他们的名字。,However,it is useful from the outset to knowsomething about how to form their names.,然而，从一开始了解一下化合物名字的形成是有用的。,Many compounds were given

2、common namesbefore their compositions were known.Common names include water,salt,sugar,ammonia,and quartz.,许多化合物在未了解其构成前给予他们俗称。俗称包括水、盐、糖、氨和石英。,ammonia mn 氨水,A systematic name,on the other hand,reveals which elements are present and,in some cases,how their atoms are arranged.,另一方面，系统名称显示出其存在的元素，在某些情况

3、下可显示其原子是如何排列的。,The systematic name of table salt,for instance,is sodium chloride,which indicates at once thatit is a compound of sodium and chlorine.,例如食盐的系统名称是氯化钠，这立即表明它是一个钠和氯的化合物。,The systematic naming of compounds,whichis called chemical nomenclature,follows a setof rules,so that the name of each

4、 compound need not be memorized,only the rules.,化合物的系统名称，被称作化学命名，它遵循着一套规则，以便我们不必去记忆每个化合物的名称，而只需记住这个规则即可。,Names of Cations,阳离子名称,The names of monatomic cations are the sameas the name of the element,with the addition ofthe word ion,as in sodium ion for Na+.,单原子阳离子的名称与元素的名称相同，外加离子一词，如Na+表示钠离子。,When an

5、 element can form more than one kindof cation,such as Cu+and Cu2+from copper,we use the Stock number,a Roman numeral equal to the charge of the cation.,当元素能形成超过一种的阳离子，如铜能形成Cu+和Cu2+，我们使用物料编号，罗马数字等于阳离子电荷，,Thus,Cu+is a copper()ion and Cu2+isa copper()ion.Similarly,Fe2+is an iron()ion and Fe3+is an iron

6、()ion.,因此，Cu+是铜的一价离子，Cu2+铜的二价离子。类似的，Fe2+是铁的二价离子，Fe3+是铁的三价离子。,Most transition metals form more than one kindof ion,so it is usually necessary to include a Stock number in the names of their compounds.,大多数过渡金属都能形成超过一种的离子，因此在它们化合物的名称中包含物料编号通常是有必要的。,An older system of nomenclature is still in use.,旧的命名系

7、统仍然在使用。,For example,some cations were once denotedby the endings ous and ic for the ions with lower and higher charges,respectively.,例如，一些阳离子曾经用-ous和-ic结尾分别表示较低的和较高的电荷。,In this system,iron()ions are called ferrousions and iron()ions are called ferric ions.,在这个系统中，二价铁离子被称作亚铁离子，三价铁离子被称作铁离子。,Names of A

8、nions,阴离子名称,Monatomic anions are named by adding thesuffix ide and the word ion to the first part of the name of the element(the“stem”of its name).,单原子阴离子通过在元素名字（名字的词干）的第一部分加后缀-ide和离子单词来命名。,There is no need to give the charge,becausemost elements that form monatomic anions form only one kind of ion.

9、,名称中不必给出电荷，因为大部分的元素形成单原子阴离子只有一种形式。,The ions formed by the halogens are collectively called halide ions and include fluoride(F-),chloride(Cl-),bromide(Br-),andiodide ions(I-).,卤素形成的离子均称为卤离子，包括F-、Cl-、Br-、I-。,The names of oxoanions are formed by addingthe suffix ate to the stem of the name of the eleme

10、nt that is not oxygen,as in the carbonateion,CO32-.,含氧阴离子的名字是在非氧元素的词干后加后缀-ate形成，如碳酸盐，CO32-。,However,many elements can form a varietyof oxoanions with different numbers of oxygenatoms;nitrogen,for example,forms both NO2-and NO3-.,然而，许多元素能形成不同氧原子数的多种含氧阴离子，例如氮能形成NO2-和NO3-。,In such cases,the ion with th

11、e larger numberof oxygen atoms is given the suffix ate,andthat with the smaller number of oxygen atomsis given the suffix ite.Thus,NO2-is nitrate and NO3-is nitrite.,在这种情况下，含氧原子数较多的离子加以后缀-ate，反之加以后缀-ite。因此，NO3-为硝酸盐，为NO2-亚硝酸盐。,Some elements-particularly take for the halogensform more than two oxoanio

12、ns.,一些元素（特别是卤素）形成超过2种以上的含氧阴离子，,The name of the oxoanion with the smallestnumber of oxygen atoms is formed by addingthe prefix hypo-to the ite form of the name,as in the hypochlorite ion,ClO-.,含氧原子数最少的含氧阴离子的名字是对后缀为-ite名字加以前缀hypo-，如次氯酸盐离子，ClO-。,The oxoanion with a higher number of oxygenatoms than the

13、 ate oxoanion is named with theprefix per-added to the ate form of the name.An example is the perchlorate ion,ClO4-.,含氧原子数比后缀-ate含氧阴离子多的含氧阴离子的名字是对后缀为-ate名字加以前缀per-，如高氯酸盐离子，ClO4-。,Some anions include hydrogen,such as HS-and HCO3-.The names of these anions beginwith“hydrogen”.,一些阴离子包含氢原子，如HS-和HCO3-，这些

14、阴离子的名字以“氢”开头，,Thus,HCO3-is the hydrogen carbonate ion.In an older system of nomenclature,an anioncontaining a hydrogen atom was named with the prefix bi-,as in bicarbonate ion for HCO3-.,因此，HCO3-是碳酸氢根离子。在旧的命名系统中，包含氢原子的阴离子是以前缀bi-命名，如HCO3-是碳酸氢根离子。,The oxoacids are molecular compoundsthat can be regard

15、ed as the parents of the oxoanions.,含氧酸可以被认为是含氧阴离子母酸的分子化合物。,The formulas of oxoacids are derived fromthose of the corresponding oxoanions by adding enough hydrogen ions to balance the charges.,含氧酸的分子式是从相应的含氧阴离子加上足够的氢离子以平衡电荷演化而来的。,This procedure is only a formal way of buildingthe chemical formula,be

16、cause oxoacids are allmolecular compounds.,这个程序只是建立化学分子式的一种正式方法，因为含氧酸总是分子化合物。,For example,the sulfate ion,SO42-,needs twoH+ions to cancel its negative charge,so sulfuric acid is the molecular compound H2SO4.,例如，硫酸根离子SO42-需要2个H+来抵消它的负电荷，因此硫酸的分子式是H2SO4。,Similarly,the phosphate ion,PO43-,needsthese H+i

17、ons,so its parent acid is the molecular compound H3PO4,phosphoric acid.,类似的，磷酸根离子PO43-需要3个H+来抵消它的负电荷，因此磷酸的分子式是H3PO4。,As these examples illustrate,the names ofthe parent oxoacids are derived from thoseof the corresponding oxoanions by replacingthe ate suffix with ic acid.,由这些例子可见，母体含氧酸的名字由相应的含氧阴离子的-a

18、te后缀被-ic替代而得。,In general,-ic oxoacids are the parents of ate oxoanions and ous oxoacids are the parents of ite oxoanions.,通常，-ic含氧酸是-ate含氧阴离子的母酸，-ous含氧酸是-ite含氧阴离子的母酸。,Names of Ionic Compounds,离子化合物的名称,An ionic compound is named with the cationname first,followed by the name of the anion;the word ion

19、 is omitted in each case.,离子化合物先命名阳离子，再命名阴离子，离子在命名阴阳离子时省略了。,Typical names include potassium chloride(KCl),a compound containing K+and Cl-ions,and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3),which contains NH4+and NO3-ions.,典型的名字包括氯化钾（KCl），一个包含K+离子和Cl-离子的化合物。硝酸铵（NH4NO3）包含NH4+离子和NO3-离子。,The copper chloride that contains

20、 Cu+ions(CuCl)is called copper()chloride,and thechloride that contains Cu2+ions(CuCl2)is called copper()chloride.,包含Cu+离子的氯化亚铜（CuCl）称为氯化亚铜（I），包含Cu2+离子的氯化物（CuCl2）称为氯化铜（II）。,Some ionic compounds form crystals that in-corporate a definite proportion of molecules ofwater as well as the ions of the compo

21、und itself.,一些离子化合物形成含一定比例的水分子和离子化合物的晶体。,These compounds are called hydrates.For example,copper()sulfate normally occursas blue crystals of composition CuSO45H2O.,这种化合物称之为水合物。如硫酸铜（II）通常为蓝色的晶体化合物CuSO45H2O。,The raised dot in this formula is used to separate the water of hydration from therest of the f

22、ormula.,公式中凸出的点用来把水化物中的水与分子式的其他部分分离。,This formula indicates that there are five H2Omolecules for each CuSO4 formula unit.,这分子式表明每一个CuSO4分子式单元含5个水分子。,Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound,then adding the wordhydrate with a Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are

23、found in each formula unit.,水合物首先以化合物的名字命名，然后加上水合物希腊前缀，表明一个分子式单元有多少个水分子。,For example,the name of CuSO45H2O is copper()sulfate pentahydrate.,例如CuSO45H2O为五水硫酸铜（II）。,Names of Molecular Compounds,分子化合物的名称,Many simple molecular compounds are namedby using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each

24、 type of atom present.,许多简单分子化合物的命名使用希腊前缀表明每一种原子存在的数目。,Usually,no prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present;an important exceptionto this rule is carbon monoxide,CO.,通常如果只有一种元素的一个原子存在则没有前缀，对这个规则一个重要的例外是一氧化碳CO。,Most of the common binary molecular compoundsmolecular compounds built from

25、two elementshave at least one element fromGroup 16 or 17.,大部分常见的二元分子化合物（分子化合物由两个元素组成）至少有一个元素来自16或17族。,这些元素第二次序命名，并以-ide结尾。,These elements are named second,with their endings changed to ide.,phosphorus trichloride PCl3dinitrogen oxide N2Osulfur hexafluoride SF6dinitrogen pentocxide N2O5,Metals with I

26、ons of Only One Charge仅有一种电荷的金属,It is not difficult to recognize metals with only one charge because all except one are in two groups in the periodic table(There are alsoseveral transition metals that form only one cation charge,but they are not included in this discussion.).,识别只有一种电荷的金属并不难，除了一个金属外其

27、余均属于周期表的2个族（几个过渡金属也只形成一种正电荷，但这儿不讨论它们）。,Representative element metals in GroupA(alkali metals)form+1 cations exclusively.Likewise,the metals in Group A(alkalineearth metals)form+2 ions exclusively.,IA族（碱金属）是专门形成+1价阳离子的典型金属元素，同样的，IIA族（碱土金属）专门形成+2价阳离子的典型金属元素，,Aluminum in Group A form+3 ion exclusively,

28、but other metals in this group also form a+1 ion.,IIIA族的铝元素专门形成+3价阳离子，但是IIIA族别的金属也能形成+1价阳离子。,When present in metal-nonmetal binary compounds,the nonmetals form-1 onetype of anion.,在金属-非金属的二元化合物中，非金属形成-1价阴离子。,Hydrogen and Group A(halogens)form-1ions,Group A elements forms-2 ions,andN and P in Group A

29、 form-3 ions.,氢和VIIA族（卤族）化合物中，卤族为-1价阴离子，氢和VIA族化合物中，VIA族元素为-2价阴离子，VA族的N和P形成-3价阴离子。,In both naming and writing the formula for a binary ionic compound,the metal comes firstand the nonmetal second.,在命名和书写二元离子化合物分子式时，首先是金属，然后是非金属。,The unchanged English name of the metal isused.(if a metal cation is name

30、d alone,the word“ion”is also included to distinguish it from the free metal.),不改变金属的英文名字（如果一个金属阳离子单独命名，为与元素区别，加上单词离子）。,The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide.For example,chlorineas an anion is named chloride and oxygen as an anion is named oxide.,阴离子的名字只包括英语词根加上-ide，例如氯作为阴离子是c

31、hloride，氧作为阴离子是oxide，,Formula Metal Nonmetal Compound nameNaCl sodium chlorine sodium chlorideCaO calcium oxygen calcium oxide,So the names for NaCl and CuO are as follows.,因此以下是NaCl和CaO的名字。,Writing formulas from names can be asomewhat more challenging task since we must then determine the number of

32、 each element present in the formula.,由名字写出分子式可能稍微多一些挑战性，因为我们必须确定分子式中每个元素的数目。,What is important to remember is that the formulas represent neutral compounds wherethe positive and negative charges add to zero.,重要的是记住分子式是代表中性化合物，正负电荷加和为零。,In other words,the total positive charge is cancelled by the to

33、tal negative charge.,换句话说，所有的正电荷均被负电荷抵消。,Thus,NaCl is neutral because one Na+is balanced by one Cl-and CaO is neutral because one Ca2+is balanced by one O2-.,因此，NaCl是中性的，因为一个Na+由一个Cl-平衡。CaO是中性的，因为一个Ca2+由一个O2-平衡。,The formula for magnesium chloride,however,requires two Cl-ions to balance the one Mg2+i

34、on,so it is written as MgCl2.,然而，氯化镁需要2个Cl-离子平衡一个Mg2+离子，因此写为MgCl2。,Naming Compounds with polyatomic Ions,多原子离子化合物的命名,Most of us are somewhat familiar with namesof polyatomic ions.We use bicarbonates andcarbonates for indigestion,as well as sulfites and nitrites to preserve foods.,我们大多数都稍微熟悉多原子离子的名字，

35、我们使用重碳酸盐和碳酸盐来治疗消化不良，以及使用亚硫酸盐和亚硝酸盐来保存食品。,Most of the compounds containing polyatomicions are ionic,as were the compounds discussed in the previous section.,大多数包含多原子离子的化合物是离子的，同上一节讨论的化合物。,Thus we follow essentially the same rules as before.That is,the metal is written and namedfirst.,因此我们基本上按照前面的相同规则，

36、即先写和命名金属。,If the metal forms more than one cation,the charge on the cation is shown in parentheses.The polyatomic anion is then named or written.,如果金属的形成阳离子超过一种，阳离子的电荷就用括号表示，然后再命名或书写多原子阴离子。,In many cases,the anions are composed of oxygen and one other element.Thus these anions are called oxyanions.,

37、在大多数情况下，阴离子由氧和别的一种元素组成，则称这种阴离子为含氧阴离子。,When there are two oxyanions of the same element(e.g.,SO42-and SO32-),they,of course,have different names.,当2个含氧阴离子有相同的元素（如SO42-和SO32-），当然，它们的名字不一样。,The anion with the smaller number of oxygensuses the root of the element plus ite.The one with the higher number

38、uses the root plus ate.,较少氧数目的阴离子使用元素的词根加上ite，较多氧数目的阴离子使用元素的词根加上ate。,SO32-sulfite SO42-sulfate,There are four oxyanions containing Cl.The middle two are named as before.The one with one less oxygen than the chlorite has a prefix of hypo.The one with one more oxygen than chlorate has a prefix of per.

39、,有4个含氧阴离子包含Cl-，中间2个的命名同前，比亚氯酸盐少1个氧的加前缀hypo，比氯酸盐多1个氧的加前缀per。,ClO-hypochloriteClO2-chloriteClO3-chlorateClO4-perchlorate,Certain anions are composed of more thanone atom but behave similar to monatomic anions in many of their chemical reactions.,在许多化学反应中，一些阴离子由超过一个原子组成，但是其行为与单原子类似。,Two such examples are the CN-ion and OH-ion.Both of these have ide endings similar tothe monatomic anions.,如CN-离子和OH-离子，这2个离子都以ide结尾，与单原子类似。,Thus the CN-anion is known as the cyanide ion and the OH-as the hydroxide ion.,因此，CN-被称为氰离子，OH-被称为氢氧根离子。,