966Kinds of Tax 稅的種類.ppt
《966Kinds of Tax 稅的種類.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《966Kinds of Tax 稅的種類.ppt(39页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Tax 稅,6A 勞永逸(23)鄧詠詩(12),Kinds of Tax 稅的種類,Progressive tax 累進稅The average tax rate or the marginal tax rises with income 稅率隨收入上升而上升Proportional 比例稅the average tax rate or the marginal tax rate is the same at all income levels 稅率隨收入上升而不變Regressive tax 累退稅the average tax rate or the marginal tax falls
2、as income rises稅率隨收入上升下降,Direct tax 直接稅taxes levied on individuals or firms稅務負擔由納稅人承受,不能轉嫁給第三者e.g.薪俸稅、利得稅、物業稅Indirect tax 間接稅taxes levied on goods,services or economic activities稅務負擔由納稅人承受,可以轉嫁給第三者e.g.差餉、博彩及彩票稅、車輛稅等Lump sum tax 定額稅a tax the payment of which is fixed所繳的稅款是固定的,銷售稅:Per unit tax 從量稅 Ad
3、valorem tax 從價稅,Per unit tax 從量稅a tax on the sales of goods or services,its amount of payment depends on the number of units sold向每單位物品徵收定額稅金Ad valorem tax 從價稅a tax on the sales of goods or services,its amount of payment depends on the value of sales向每單位物品按價值徵稅,價值愈高,稅金愈高,Principles of Taxation 賦稅原則,
4、Equity 公平taxation should be fair to every bodyhorizontal,vertical and inter-generation equity課稅負擔應由社會上不同人士公平地分擔Certainty 確定people should know for certain their tax obligations稅務條文及責任要絕不含糊,讓納稅人可以清楚理解Convenience 方便the payment of tax should be convenient納稅的方法及時限要讓納稅人感到便利Economy 經濟the cost of collecting
5、 tax should be small compares to the tax revenue執行稅制的費用要減到最低,消費者稅擔和生產者稅擔,Incidence of Tax 稅的歸宿the share of tax burden on specific individuals or groups個人或團體最終所承受的稅擔,if tax is collected from producers,supply will decrease.If tax is collected from consumers,demand will decrease.However,it makes no dif
6、ference whether a per unit tax is levied formally on buyers or sellers.向生產者徵稅,供應減少;向消費者徵稅,需求減少;但只是形式上的分別,經濟上的影響相同。,消費者稅擔和生產者稅擔的多少視需求彈性和供應彈性而定。,Tax burden 稅擔,The amount of money one would have to be given to make one just as well off with the tax as one was without it.為了使納稅人在納稅的情況下仍與未納稅之前有一樣的功用而因此向納稅
7、人所贈予的金額Excess burden 超額稅擔The burden of tax in excess of the tax payment 超額稅擔=稅擔 稅款a tax system is more efficient than the other if it produces less excess burden when raising the same tax revenue以相同的稅收而言,產生較少超額稅擔的徵收方法較具效率,Tax can only be born by those who earn a rent稅擔只會由賺取租值的人負擔-an individual earns
8、 a rent in an activity when he receives revenue which is greater than his opportunity cost-if the activity is taxed and the tax burden is smaller than the rent,the individual will stay in the activity,bear the burden and earn less rent-if an individual earns no rent in an activity,any tax imposed on
9、 the activity will induce the individual to shift to his best alternative activity forgone and avoid the tax若所徵稅款少於所賺穫的租值,經濟活動將會繼續;若所徵稅款多於所賺穫的租值,經濟活動將會停止。,Implications of Tax 稅的影響,Distorts price and output 價格和產量的改變,Incentives and allocation of resources意欲和資源分配,High salary tax has two effect:substitu
10、tion effect discourages incentive to work;income effect encourages incentive to work高薪俸稅有兩個效應:替代效應減少工作意欲,收入效應增加工作意欲High profit tax discourages incentive to invest高利得稅減少投資意欲People will try to pay less tax by changing their behavior人們會改變行為以減少付稅Resources will be reallocated from highly taxed industries
11、,countries to those of lower tax資源會從高稅的行業轉移至低稅的行業和地區Due to the income redistribution effect of tax,there will be further effect(secondary effect)on resources allocation though it will be trivial 因徵稅改變收入分配,從而亦影響資源分配(次級效應),但影響輕微,Income distribution 收入分配,Income is redistributed from taxpayers to govern
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 966Kinds of Tax 稅的種類 966 Kinds
链接地址:https://www.31ppt.com/p-5695094.html