论文引用及参考文献写作方法.ppt
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1、引用与参考文献,Citation can be done through direct quotation or by paraphrasingor summarizing,Citing Sources,verbs for citations Reporting something the author did observe,discover,notice,demonstrate,find,report,describe,determine,discern,show,assess,study,analyze,calculate,examine,investigate,identify,pro
2、ve,establish,conclude,develop,conduct,make,Reporting something the author stated WEAKER STRONGERcomment affirm describe emphasizediscuss stressindicate maintain note stipulateremark explain,concludewrite clarify,identify,Reporting the authors opinion WEAKER STRONGERaccept argue believe assert view,s
3、ee claimquestion contend query denythink,recommendsuggest reject propose advocatesuspect maintain speculate conclude consider,You should consult a dictionary A good one is the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary,which is also available online at http:/dictionary.cambridge.org Many of the verbs in
4、 the table are used with the conjunction that e.g.Mahoney(1998,pp.1012)established that this reaction is in fact When Smith and Sampson(1989,p.98)contended that this position was untenable,they were,Some of the verbs cannot be used with that:describe,assess,study,analyze,examine,investigate,discuss,
5、clarify,question,query and reject e.g.Martin and Baker(1980)examined the issue from a different perspective.view is used with the conjunction as,placed after the subject of the sentence e.g.Hui(2001,p.49)views this explanation as too simplistic.She maintains that,It is also common for the verb to be
6、 used passively Dominguez(2002,pp.76-79)suggested three possible interpretations of these results.Three possible interpretations of these results have been suggested(Dominguez,2002,pp.76-79).It has been claimed(OShea,1997,p.45)thatIt has been shown that this is not the case(Akabi,1979,pp.310-319).,T
7、he practice ofhas been questioned(Chopra,1990,p.92)because of its These findings have been extensively analysed(e.g.by Stamford,2001a,2001b;Ma,2002)and interpretations vary from The passive from is often used when citing several authors to back up a single point.,Three major Patterns of Tense1.past
8、_ researcher activity as agentJones(1987)investigated the causes of illiteracy.The causes of illiteracy were investigated by Jones(1987).,2.Present Perfect_ researcher activity not as agentThe causes of illiteracy have been widely investigated(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).There have been sever
9、al investigations into the causes of illiteracy(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).Several researchers have studied the causes of illiteracy(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).,3.Present_ no reference to researcher activityThe causes of illiteracy are complex(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).Illit
10、eracy appears to have a complex set of causes(Jones 1987,Ferrara 1990,Hyon 1994).,Note these common uses of these patterns:Pattern 1:reference to single studies _ pastPattern 2:reference to areas of inquiry _ present perfectPattern 3:reference to state of current knowledge _ present(John,M.2001.Acad
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