《虚拟语气振邦》PPT课件.ppt
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1、Subjunctive Mood,Echo Sept.2009,传统虚拟语气,参见英语语法网,传统虚拟语气各种表达方式,He behaves as if he owned the place.Id rather you listened to me.If only I had listened to my teacher!I wish I hadnt swallowed that glass of whisky.Id be inclined to trade that car in for a new one.Would you let me have a match?She claims t
2、hat she would love to live abroad.If I could drive a car,I would teach you.If your father had caught us,he would have been furious.If it snowed tomorrow,the match would have to be cancelled.Its time you were in bed.Even though he were my brother,I would cast him out.I wish I were young again.If an A
3、ssociation member be found guilty,his membership shall be suspended and appropriate dues refunded.It is a good thing that he recognize his faults.,所有这些表示假设意义及其他非事实意义的语法手段,在传统语法书中都归入“虚拟语气”之列。这样,“虚拟语气”就显得特别复杂,给初学者带来很大困难。其所以弄得很复杂,是因为同一个动词形式往往必须纳入不同的语法范畴。例如:Its time you had a holiday.I had a meeting yes
4、terday.按照传统说法,前一个had是虚拟语气;后一个had是动词have的过去时态。,又例如:You should mind your own business.Its a pity that he should be late.The horse would not go any further.Would you mind if I opened the window?在上面两组句子中,按照传统语法,每组第一句的should/would是情态(助)动词;每组第二句的should/would却是构成虚拟语气的语气助动词。再加上should/would表示“表示过去将来时间”的意义,传统
5、语法称之为“过去将来时态”。那么,同一个动词形式should/would就应纳入三种不同的语法范畴:一曰情态(助)动词;二曰“语气”助动词,三曰“时态”助动词。一个字,晕!,其实,虚拟语气本身没那么复杂。虚拟语气作为一种特殊动词形式,在现代英语中已经濒于消失。英语残留下来的虚拟语气,实际上只剩下两种:即were-型虚拟式和be-型虚拟式,如在前页数例中出现的he were,I were,if an Association member be found guilty,以及that he recognize his faults等。即使这点虚拟式的残余也还在变化中,were-型虚拟式现在常为陈述
6、句所取代,如 Even though he was/were my brother,I would cast him out.He talks as if he was/were my uncle.I wish I was/were young again.,Be-型虚拟式现在仍常用语美国英语,而在英国英语中,除仍与用法律文书外,通常为should+不定式所取代,如:Its a good thing that he recognize his faults.在英国英语中已属古旧,比较罕见,较常见的说法是:Its a good thing that he should recognize his
7、 faults.,传统语法繁琐的根本原因:在处理方法上混淆了语法形式和意义。表示“假设意义”及其他“非事实意义”,可以用一种特殊的叫做“虚拟语气”的动词形式来表示,但这并不等于说,所有能表示上述意义的便都是动词的“虚拟语气”。,特别说明:1.为了跟传统语法的“虚拟语气”有所区别,这里把我们所要讲到的Subjunctive Mood译作“虚拟式”,而且只限于were-型和be-型。2.至于表示“假设意义”和“非事实意义”的其他手段,分别在动词的时、体形式和情态助动词的用法中处理。,Subjunctive Mood,There are two forms of the subjunctive:be
8、-subjective and were-subjunctive.The present lecture will dwell on the uses of these two subjunctive forms remnants of Old English expressing hypothetical and non-factual meanings.,be-subjective1)In certain that-clauses a)after such verbs as decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,reco
9、mmend,request,require,suggest,vote,etc We propose that somebody neutral take the chair.The general commanded that the soldiers advance immediately.He ordered that all the books be sent at once.I vote we go home.They have decreed that all this fighting end.The court decreed that the criminal be punis
10、hed.,b)after such adjectives as advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,etc It was appropriate that this tax be abolished.Its important that he be nominated.Its absolutely essential that the secretary be appointed at once.I think
11、it advisable that a secretary be appointed at once.,c)after such nouns as decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution,etc The board has given the demand that this tax be abolished.Their decision that she wait until next week is reasonable.,This use of the the be-subjunctive is qu
12、ite common in formal style,especially in American English.This subjunctive form can sometimes be replaced by“should+infinitive”or to-infinitive,eg:He ordered that the books be sent at once.=He ordered that the book should be sent at once.=He ordered the books to be sent at once.,2)In certain adverbi
13、al clauses if,though,whatever,so long as,whether,lest,etc.This use of the be-subjective is limited to formal style,while in informal style the subjective mood or“should/may+infinitive”are used instead.If he be found guilty,John shall have the right of appeal.Though everyone desert you,I will not.Wha
14、tever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.So long as a volume hold together,I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance.Whether she be right or wrong,she will have my unswerving support.Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.,This use of be-subjunctive is limited to
15、 formal style,while in informal style the indicative mood or“should/may+infinitive”are used instead.Compare:If the rumor is true,everything is possible.He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen.Whatever his defense may be,we cant tolerate his disloyalty.,3)In certain formulaic expressions Th
16、e be-subjective is used in some formulaic expressions to express a wish,prayer,curse,etc.The formulaic use of the be-subjective tends to be formal and old-fashioned in style,eg:Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!God damn you!Heaven forbid!Devil take him!So be it.Suffice it to say
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