七年制呼吸系统.ppt
《七年制呼吸系统.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《七年制呼吸系统.ppt(99页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Disease of the Respiratory system in Children,Ji Hong,Department of Pediatrics,The first Clinical Hospital,Dalian Medical University,Introduction,The disease of respiratory system is one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization of infants and children.Basic knowledge of the development and f
2、unctions of respiratory system are essential,上、下呼吸道,cricoid cartilage 环状软骨,1.characteristics of respiratory system,The upper airwaynose;paranasal sinuses;pharynx;larynx;,Eustachian tube(咽鼓管)naso-lacrymal duct(鼻泪管),鼻窦(paranasal sinuses),Maxillary sinuses appear at 2yrs,develop fully after 12yrs.Front
3、al sinuses appear at 2-3yrs,enlarge at 6yrs Paranasalsinusitis rarely occurs in infants.,咽部(pharynx),Relatively narrow and vertical,rich in lymphoid tissue.tonsils begin to enlarge gradually at the end of 1 yrs develop at 4-10 yrs degenerated gradually after 14-15 yrs.Tonsillitis is often seen in el
4、der children than in infants.,鼻泪管(Eustachian tube),Broad,straight and short in infant;The position horizontal;,So when an infant catches cold,he may be complicated with tympanitis.,喉(larynx),Narrow in infantsThe mucous membrane is rich in vascularity.Congested and swollen in inflammation dyspnea.,Th
5、e low airway,Trachea;bronchus;lung;,Trachea and bronchus,The lumen of trachea and bronchus relatively narrow;Mucosa rich in vascularity;Cillium movement poor;So easy to get infection develop obstruction,The right bronchus direct continuation of the trachea;The left bronchus spreads out from the late
6、ral surface of trachea;So foreign body often aspirated into right bronchus,lungs,Interstitial tissueAlveoli Blood Air easy to get inflammationatelectasis,(3)Mediastinum and chest wall,mediastinumrelatively larger in infant than in adult.Surrounding tissue of mediastinumloose and elastic.If the pleur
7、al effusion or pneumothorax occurs mediastinal organs are easily displaced.,2.physiological characteristics,(1)Frequency and rhythm of respirationThe younger the child,the more rapid the respiration is.The metabolism and oxygen requirement of infants high,but respiratory volume is limited,(2)Type of
8、 respirationIn infant abdominal respiration.After the child stands up and walks the diaphragm moves downward the chest cavity increased abdominal-chest respiration appears.abdominal-chest respiration(3)Volume of tidal air6 ml per kg when the respiration is peaceful.,3.The immune characteristics,The
9、serum levels of IgA remain low during early childhood infants and children are susceptible to infection of respiratory tract.,Acute upper respiratory infection,急性上呼吸道感染,病 因(etiology),一、病原体 病毒 90%以上 细菌 支原体二、易患因素 免疫功能低下 营养不良、佝偻病、贫血等疾病 过敏体质、护理不周、环境因素,Have you ever had a cold?When you catch a cold,how d
10、id you feel?,上呼吸道感染 俗称“cold”,Clinical manifestations,一般类型上呼吸道感染两种特殊类型上呼吸道感染 疱疹性咽峡炎(herpangina)咽结合膜热(pharyngo-conjunctival fever),Clinic manifestation,症状:局部症状:鼻塞、流涕、干咳、咽部不适全身症状:发热、头痛、全身不适、乏力 部分患儿有呕吐、腹泻体征:咽部充血、扁桃体肿大、淋巴结肿大肠道病毒感染者可见不同形态的皮疹,特殊类型,疱疹性咽峡炎 咽结合膜热病原体 柯萨奇A组病毒 腺病毒3、7型好发季节 夏秋季 春夏季散发活小流行症状 高热咽痛流涎
11、高热咽痛眼部刺痛体征 咽部充血疱疹 咽部白色点块状分泌物 滤泡性眼结合膜炎病程 1周 1-2周,疱疹性咽峡炎Herpangina,咽结合膜热(pharyngo-conjunctival fever),并发症(Complications),The surrounding tissue inflammation(otitis media)Group A hemolytic streptococcus infection:acute glomerulonephritis,rheumatic feverSome pathogens:rheumatoid,实验室检查(Laboratory),1、血常规
12、blood examination2、病原学检查etiology analysis:VirusBacteriaAntigen and antibody detection:immunofluorescence,immunoenzymeMolecular biology techniques3、CRP,诊断 Diagnosis,Local symptoms are not distinct-URIInflammation is localized on one part-pharyngitis,tonsilitis,鉴别诊断 differential diagnosis,流感 Influenza
13、急性传染病早期 early peroid of Acute infectious disease 急性阑尾炎 Acute appendicitis过敏性鼻炎 Allergic rhinitis,治疗 Treatment,一般治疗 General treatment抗感染治疗 anti-infection treatment对症治疗 symptomatic treatment(antipyresis,sedative),预防 Prevention,Enhanced resistanceBreastfeedingAvoid passive smokingDont go to public plac
14、es Prevention of rickets and malnutrition,肺炎(pneumonia),概 念,不同病原体或其他因素(如吸入羊水、有类或过敏反应)等所引起的肺部炎症。主要临床表现为发热、咳嗽、气促、呼吸困难和非不固定性中、细湿啰音。重症患者可累及循环、消化及神经等系统的临床症状。,肺炎的分类Classification of pneumonia,概念,不同病原体或其他因素(如吸入羊水、有类或过敏反应)等所引起的肺部炎症。主要临床表现为发热、咳嗽、气促、呼吸困难和非不固定性中、细湿啰音。重症患者可累及循环、消化及神经等系统的临床症状。,分 类,1、病理分类2、病因分类3、
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 七年 呼吸系统

链接地址:https://www.31ppt.com/p-5673136.html