语法篇专题动词的时态语态.ppt

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1、专题七 动词的时态、语态,英语常用的时态有八种，分别是：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。,一、动词的基本形式一览表,二、常用10种动词时态的构成及其常用时间状语一览表,三、动词的被动语态构成一览表（以do为例）,四、被动语态和系表结构的区别(1)被动语态表示动作，而系表结构表状态；The cup was broken by a boy.(被动语态)The cup is broken.(系表结构)(2)被动语态可有多种时态，而系表

2、结构只有一般现在时和过去时；My bike is being/will be/was repaired.He is/was interested in his work.(3)被动语态可跟by短语，表动作的执行者。The dress was made by my mother.,【考点一】考查一般现在时(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制）。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.,(2)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但shall或will可用在if引导的条件状语从句中表“意愿”，不表时态。What are you

3、going to be when you grow up?If you will accept my invitation and come to our party,my family will be pleased.(3)少数用于表示起止的动词，如come,go,leave,arrive,fly,start,begin,close,stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排将要发生的动作；当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m.every day.Tomorrow is Wednesda

4、y.(4)以here,there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.,【考点二】考查一般过去时(1)基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。I met her in the street yesterday.They never drank wine.I thought the film would be interesting,

5、but it isnt.(2)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由but,and,when,as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute等词语连接，用一般过去时。The moment she came in,she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.【考点三】考查一般将来时（1）“will/shall+动词”表示未来的动作或状态（常与表示未来的时间状语连用）。（2）“will/shall+动词”表示事物固有的属性或习惯动作。Well die without air

6、or water.（3）表示趋向行为的动词。如come，go，start，begin，leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。,（4）be going to与will/shall,be to do,be about to do的用法及区别：be going to表示打算、计划、准备要做某事。不能用在条件状语从句的主句中。Im going to learn Japanese next year.shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。If it is fine,well go fishing.be to do sth.表示拟定或计划中将发生的行为或按职责、义务必须去

7、做的事情。还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。The meeting is to be held at 9:00 am.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.【考点四】考查现在进行时（1）表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作。（2）表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时。Teenagers damaging their health because they play computer games too much.（3）表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She

8、is leaving for Beijing.,（4）go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。（5）与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩。He is always making the same mistake.【考点五】考查过去完成时常用过去完成时的几种情况：在by,by the end,by the time,until,before,since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，表示以前发生的动作。By the end of last year，we had built five new houses.intend,mean,hope,want,

9、plan,suppose,expect,think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一个本来打算做而实际上没有做的事。这种用法也可表示过去未曾实现的设想或希望，含有某种惋惜之意。I had intended to call on you yesterday,but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly/Scarcely had+主语+过去分词+when+一般过去时；No sooner had+主语+过去分词+than+一般过去时。,We had no sooner been seated th

10、an the bus started.=No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.【考点六】考查过去将来时（1）would do,was/were going to do sth.表示过去将来时；（2）come,go,leave等过去进行时表示过去将来时；（3）was/were to do sth.和was/were about to do sth.表示过去将来时。He said he would never come back again.【考点七】考查过去进行时（1）过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。（2）某一动

11、作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。He was watching TV at 9 oclock last night.My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.【考点八】考查现在完成时（1）现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/over the last(past)few years,(months,weeks)、in recent years等。（2

12、）下列句型中常用现在完成时It is(has been)+一段时间+since从句This(That/It)is the first(second.)time that+完成时（3）在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，现在完成时可以表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。If you have done the experiment,you will realize the theory better.I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.【考点九】注意以下几种时态的区别（1）一般过去时和现在完成时一般过去时只表示过去发生的

13、动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，即仅谈过去，与现在无关。I wrote a letter this morning.(只说明写了一封信的事实)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态，但和现在有联系，可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。I have written a letter this morning.(我已经写了一封信，有继续写第二封的可能，现在还是早上。),（2）一般过去时和过去进行时一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实。It rained heavily last night.(强调下雨，并不强调持续时间)过去进行时侧重于强调某动作的持续过程或表示动作正在进

14、行。It was raining cats and dogs last night.(强调没停，一直持续)（3）现在完成时和现在完成进行时现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。I have read that book.(已读完)现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性。I have been reading that book all the morning.(还没读完)【考点十】考查被动语态（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.,An inter

15、esting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book(by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss).短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of(by her).Your

16、 pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。表示状态的谓语动词，如last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,look like,consist to等。表示归属的动词，如have,own,belong to等。表示“希望、意图”的动词，如wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。,宾语是同源宾语，不定式

17、、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell,write,wash,open,lock等。（3）主动形式表被动意义。当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等后面接形容词时；当cut,read,sell,wear,write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.These novels wont sell well.My pen writes smoothly.The door wont lock.The fish s

18、mells good.当break out,take place,shut off,turn off,work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want,require,need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。,be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。在“be+形容词+to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to

19、 get along with.be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。,1.Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No,I _ my homework all day yesterday.(2010全国)A.was doing B.would doC.had done D.do解析：选A。考查时态的运用。句意为：你读完简爱了吗？没有，我昨天一直在做作业。由all day yesterday可知，此处用过去进行时，表示过去的某段时间内持续进行且未完成的动作。,2.When you are home,give a cal

20、l to let me know you _ safely.(2010全国)A.are arriving B.have arrivedC.had arrived D.will arrive解析：选B。考查时态的运用。句意为：当你到家的时候，打电话给我让我知道你已经安全到家了。由句意可知，此处用现在完成时have done结构，故B项正确。3.The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _.(2010全国)A.is made B.would makeC.was to be made D.ha

21、d made解析：选C。考查时态的运用。句意为：在澳洲金矿的发现使成千上万的人相信注定会发财。make fortune意为“发财”，由主句中的时态“led”可知，从句需用与过去时相对应的时态，故排除A项；又由句意可知此处表示被动。4.Linda,make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive.(2010全国)A.be set B.set C.are set D.are setting,解析：选C。考查动词的时态及语态。句意为：Linda，确保在客人来之前把餐桌摆好。set the table摆桌子，tables在句中作主语，故用被动结构。make

22、 sure表明从句时态是一般时态。5.Excuse me.I _ I was blocking your way.(2010全国)A.didnt realize B.Dont realizeC.havent realized D.Wasnt realizing解析：选A。考查时态的运用。句意为：抱歉，我不知道挡了你的路。结合语境，后文暗示过去时。6.Every few years,the coal workers_ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.(2010上海)A.are having B.have C.have had D.had ha

23、d解析：选B。考查时态的运用。句意为：每隔几年，煤矿工人们都要对肺部进行X光检查，以确保身体健康。根据时间状语every few years可判断,本句应为一般现在时。7.The church tower which _will be open to tourists soon.The work is almost finished.(2010上海)A.has restored B.has been restoredC.is restoring D.is being restored,解析：选D。考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：教学的钟塔正在修复，不久就会对游客开放。restore修复，而最后一

24、句表明工程还未完成，因此为正在修复中，用现在进行时。8.Bob would have helped us yesterday,but he _.(2010安徽)A.was busy B.is busyC.had been busy D.will be busy解析：选A。考查动词时态。句意为：Bob昨天本来可以帮助我们的，但是他当时很忙。前句表示对过去的虚拟，而but之后表示过去的客观事实，故用一般过去时态。9.Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No.I _ the book,so I already knew the story.(20

25、10安徽)A.was reading B.had read C.am reading D.have read 解析：选B。考查动词时态。句意为：你对电影的结局感到惊奇吗？不，我看过书了，已经知道这个故事。在“knew”前已看过，故用过去完成时。10.Weve spent too much money recently.Well,it isnt surprising.Our friends and relatives around all the time.(2010安徽),A.are coming B.had comeC.were coming D.have been coming解析：选D。

26、考查时态的运用。句意为：近来我们花了太多钱了。哦，并不奇怪，近来朋友和亲戚总是来访。用have been coming表示从过去到现在一直所发生的动作。11.Every year a flood of farmers arrive in shenzhen for the money-making jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns.(2010福建)A.promised B.were promisedC.have promised D.have been promised解析：选D。考查动词的时态。句意为：每年都有大批农民到深圳挣钱，干他们离开家

27、乡前已经被许诺的工作。动词promise和主语they之间构成被动关系。所以应使用现在完成时的被动式。12.Guess what,weve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.How nice!you _ a different culture then.(2010福建)A.will be experiencing B.have experiencedC.have been experiencing D.will have experienced解析：选A。考查动词时态。句意为：猜猜这是什么，我们已,经拿到了今年

28、夏季去英国短期旅游的签证。太棒了。到时候你将体验到一种不同的文化。由this summer可知，动作发生在将来，需用将来时态，而then是表示将来的时间点，故用将来进行时。13.This coastal area _ a national wildlife reserve last year.(2010湖南)A.was named B.named C.is named D.names解析：选A。考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：去年，这片海岸线被命名（指定为）为野生动物保护区。时间是去年，由句意可知该地区是被命名，故选A。14.I was just going to cut my rose bus

29、hes but someone _ it.Was it you?(2010湖南)A.has done B.had done C.would do D.will do 解析：选B。考查动词时态。句意为：我原本打算修剪我的玫瑰花丛，但是有人已经做过了，是你吗？该空动作发生在was just going to cut之前，即表示过去的过去，故用过去完成时态。15.I walked slowly through the market,where people _ all kinds of fruits and vegetables.I studied the prices carefully and

30、bought what I needed.(2010湖南),sell B.were selling C.had sold D.have sold解析：选B。考查动词时态。句意为：我在市场里慢慢地走着，那里人们正在出售各种水果和蔬菜。我仔细看了价格后，买了我需要的东西。很明显，当时的动作正在进行，用过去进行时。16.Im tired out.I _ all afternoon and I dont seem to have finished anything.(2010湖南)A.shopped B.have shoppedC.had shopped D.have been shopping解析：

31、选D。考查动词时态。句意为：我累坏了。逛了一下午，我好像还是没买到什么。“逛一下午”这一动作从过去开始一直持续到现在而没有间断。17.Mother wanted to be a good provider,a role she _ since her marriage to Father.(2010江西)A.shoulders B.shoulderedC.is shouldering D.has been shouldering解析：选D。考查时态的运用。句意为：妈妈想做一个优秀的养家糊口的人，这是她自从嫁给父亲之后一直在担当的角色。since表示“从一直到现在”，并且这一动用还将持续下去故此

32、处的时态为,现在完成进行式。18.Joseph _ to evening classes since last month,but he still cant say“Whats your name?”in Russian.(2010辽宁)A.has been going B.went C.goes D.has gone解析：选A。考查动词时态。句意为：约瑟夫自从上个月就一直去夜校，可是他仍然不能用俄语说“你叫什么名字？”。由句中since last month可知，应用现在完成时，又因为说话时还在继续上课，说明动作从过去发生到现在一直在进行着，所以要用现在完成进行时态。19.I _ all

33、the cooking for my family,but recently Ive been too busy to do it.(2010辽宁)A.will do B.do C.am doing D.had done解析：选B。考查动词时态。句意为：我为一家人做饭，但是最近我太忙不能做了。从后句最近太忙的状况可知，应该用一般现在时态。20.In the spoken English of some areas in the US,the“r”sounds at the end of the words _.(2010北京)A.are dropped B.drop C.are being d

34、ropped D.have dropped,解析：选A。考查被动语态的用法。the“r”sounds和drop之间为被动关系。21.Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends _ for us.(2010北京)A.will wait B.wait C.have waited D.are waiting解析：选D。考查时态的用法。句意为：我还没吃完饭呢。但是我们的朋友们都在等我们了。根据语境“正在等我们”可知，应用现在进行时。22.Im sorry,but I dont quite follow you.Did you say you w

35、anted to return on September 20?Sorry,I _ myself clear.We want to return on October 20.(2010北京)A.hadnt made B.wouldnt make C.dont make D.havet made解析：选D。考查时态的用法。句意为：抱歉，我不太明白你的意思。你刚才是说你们要在9月20日返回吗？对不起，是我没有说清楚。我们要在10月20日返回。上文说没听清是几号回来，而下文则说很抱歉我没说清楚。根据句意可知，只能用过去时或完成时。所以选D项。,23.Up to now,the program _ t

36、housands of children who would otherwise have died.(2010山东)A.would save B.saves C.had saved D.has saved解析：选D。考查动词时态。句意为：截止到现在，这个项目已经挽救了成千上万的本来会死去的孩子的生命。up to now是现在完成时态的标志，所以空格处应使用现在完成时态。24.I have to see the doctor because I _ a lot lately.(2010陕西)A.have been coughing B.had coughed C.coughed D.cough

37、解析：选A。考查动词时态。句意为：我得去看医生，因为我近来咳嗽得很厉害。由时间状语lately可知，此处表示现阶段一直在进行的动作或存在的状态，且强调其持续性，故用现在完成进行时。25.When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan.(2010四川)A.will finish B.are finishing C.are to finish D.have finished解析：选D。考查动词时态的用法。答语句意为：直到完成我们的计划。在时间状语从句，条件状语从句和让步状语从句中，经常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用现在完成时代替将来完成时，用现,在进行式代替将来进行式。此处为until引导的时间状语从句，故用现在完成时。,