《解破学生殖系统》PPT课件.ppt
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1、1,Hunan University of Arts and Science,HUMAN ANATOMY,2,Question:How many reference lines in the thorax and abdomen?,Answer:more than 12 reference lines which are listed below:Median lines:Anterior median line and posterior median lineAxillary lines:Anterior axillary line,midaxillary line,posterior a
2、xillary lineSternal lines:Lateral sternal line,parasternal lineHorizontal line:Subcostal line,transtubercular lineMidclavicular line,scapular line,paravertebral line,3,Content,Chapter 5 The Alimentary System,The General DescriptionThe Alimentary Canal.The Digestive Glands.,4,The basic constituents o
3、f the digestive systemThe main functions of the digestive system,Section 1 The General Description,Content,5,The basic constituents of the digestive system,Digestive canalAccessory organs,The mouthThe pharynxThe esophagusThe stomachThe intestine,The teeth The tongueThe gallbladderThe salivary glands
4、The liverThe pancreas,消化系统,6,7,Absorption of the nutrient components(proteins,carbohydrates,fats,vitamins,minerals and water)营养物质的吸收,The main functions of the digestive system,Ingestion of foods 摄入食物,Defecation 排便:the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of f
5、eces.,8,The oral cavity 口腔The pharynx 咽The esophagus 食管The stomach 胃The small intestine 小肠The large intestine 大肠,Section 2 The Digestive Duct,9,The oral cavity 口腔,The oral cavity includes two parts:,The Oral Vestibule口腔前庭The Oral Cavity Proper固有口腔,The oral cavity,口腔前庭为口腔内牙龈、牙弓外侧部的部分,外界为唇和颊,内界为牙龈和牙齿。
6、,固有口腔上壁为硬腭和软腭,下壁为舌、粘膜和骨骼肌,侧壁为牙弓、牙齿和牙龈。,10,The Oral Vestibule口腔前庭,The Oral Cavity Proper固有口腔,11,The Oral Vestibule 口腔前庭,12,The Oral Cavity Proper 固有口腔,13,It constitutes the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity(鼻腔).,The palate(腭),Hard palate(硬腭):an anterior 2/3 partSoft palate(软腭):a pos
7、terior 1/3 part,The palate,硬腭主要以骨腭为基础,覆盖黏膜而成。,软腭由肌、肌腱和粘膜组成,后部斜向后下,称腭帆。腭帆后缘游离,中央有向下的突起称腭垂。,14,Hard palate(硬腭),Soft palate(软腭),Uvula(悬雍垂),15,The teeth(Dentes牙齿),Two sets,Deciduous teeth 乳牙Permanent teeth 恒牙,Two sets for the teeth,16,The Deciduous teeth 乳牙,20 in number,ten teeth in each mandibular and
8、maxillary arch.,中切牙,侧切牙,尖牙,第一磨牙,第二磨牙,17,18,The special points for the deciduous teeth,Eruption萌发:starts at about 6 mouths of age and continues to the beginning of the 3rd year.,Shedding脱落:occurs between the 6th and the 12th years with replacement by the permanent teeth.,乳牙6个月大时开始萌发,3岁初出全,共20个.,19,Th
9、e Permanent teeth 恒牙,32 in number,sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary arch.,中切牙,侧切牙,尖牙,第一磨牙,第二磨牙,第三磨牙,第一前磨牙,第二前磨牙,20,Upper jaw,Front,Rear,Lower jaw,incisors,2,2,canines,1,1,premolars,2,2,molars,3,3,The components of the permanent teeth,21,22,The special points for the permanent teeth,The first
10、permanent molar第1恒磨牙:appears at about 6 years of age.,The third molars(wisdom teeth)第3磨牙:many persons erupt at any time after the 12 years of age or not at all.,23,Comparsion between the milk teeth and permanent teeth,2 sets for the human teeth,milk teeth(乳齿),permanent teeth(恒齿),Delicate(易受损的)and wi
11、ll gradually fall out,Replace the milk teeth,Will not be replaced by the new teeth if lost,Smaller and whiter than the permanent teeth,24,Gum gm:牙龈,The parts of a tooth,Crown(齿冠),Neck(齿颈),Root(齿根),the region above the gum,the region surrounded by the gum,the region embedded inside the jawbone,25,基本结
12、构附属结构,The structure of a tooth,Enamel(釉质)Dentine(牙质)Cement(牙骨质)Pulp cavity(髓腔),Periodontal membrane(牙周膜)Jawbone(腭骨)Gingiva(牙龈),Tooth structure,26,Enamel(珐琅质),Enamel(珐琅质),the outermost,non-living,hard layer,mainly made of calcium phosphate(磷酸钙)and a small amount of organic matter,protects the tooth,2
13、7,Dentine(牙本质),Dentine(牙本质),the middle layer,hard and bone-like,but softer than enamel,has strands(丝条)of the living cytoplasm(胞质)running through it,28,Cement(牙骨质),Cement(牙骨质),an unusual form of bone,covers the root of the tooth,29,Pulp cavity(髓腔),Pulp cavity(髓腔),the innermost part,contains living ce
14、lls,blood vessels and nerves,30,Periodontal membrane&Jawbone,Periodontal membrane(牙周膜),Jawbone(牙槽骨),31,牙整体结构示意图,32,The tongue 舌,Two parts,Tongue body:anterior 2/3Tongue root:posterior 1/3,Tongue parts,The muscular organ is divided into two parts by the v-shaped terminal sulcus(界沟).,body,root,33,The
15、foramen cecum of the tongue 舌盲孔,At the apex of terminal sulcus there is a small median pit(洞),called the foramen cecum of tongue 舌盲孔.,舌盲孔,舌盲孔为甲状舌管朝向咽的开口部的残存结构。,34,The papillae of the tongue 舌乳头,Filiform papillae 丝状乳头 Fungiform papillae 菌状乳头 Foliate papillae 叶状乳头Vallate papillae 轮廓乳头,菌状乳头、叶状乳头、轮廓乳头以及
16、会厌等处的粘膜上皮内,均含有味蕾,为味觉感受器。,Papillae types,There are 4 types of the papillae on the tongue.,35,Filiform papillae,Fungiform papillae,Foliate papillae,Vallate papillae,36,The papillae of the tongue view,37,The papillae of the tongue view,38,Masses of sub-mucosal lymphoid(淋巴的)tissue on the root of the ton
17、gue.,舌扁桃体由许多淋巴组织构成的许多大小不等的突起组成。,The lingual tonsil 舌扁桃体,39,The salivary glands,Major salivary glandsMinor salivary glands,Parotid glandSubmandibular glandSublingual gland,Tongue gland 舌腺Lip gland 唇腺Cheek gland 颊腺Palatine gland 腭腺,The salivary glands can be divided into two groups according to their
18、sizes:,40,Major salivary glands view,41,The Pharynx 咽,The general features,A fibromuscular(纤维肌肉质的)tube,part of the digestive and respiratory systems.,Extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the C6 level.,Three segments are divided for the pharynx.,42,Three segments,Nasopharynx 鼻咽部O
19、ropharynx 口咽部Laryngopharynx 喉咽部,Three segments,鼻咽部上达颅底,下至腭帆后缘平面续口咽部。,喉咽部上起自会厌上缘平面,下至第6颈椎体下缘平面与食管相续。,口咽部位于腭帆后缘与会厌平面之间,向前经咽峡与口腔相通。,43,44,The Esophagus 食管,General features,A muscular tube about 25cm long,Three constrictions(狭窄)for the esophagus.(注:为食道癌好发部位),Passing through the diaphragm at level of the
20、 T10 vertebra and enters the stomach after 12 cm,Connecting the pharynx at level of the C6 vertebra,45,Three constrictions 三个狭窄,Three constrictions,CommencementWhere crossed by the left bronchusWhere pass through the diaphragm,第一狭窄处At its beginning:lies at level of C6,is the narrowest part of the es
21、ophagus.,第二狭窄处Where it is crossed by the left main bronchus:lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.,第三狭窄处Where it passes through the esophageal hiatus(裂孔)of diaphragm:40cm from incisors(切牙),at level of T10,46,Three constrictions三个狭窄,Commencement:lies at level of C6,is the narrowest p
22、art of the esophagus.,Where crossed by the left bronchus:lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.,Where pass through the diaphragm:40cm from incisors(切牙),at level of T10,47,The Stomach胃,The stomach shape,Two surface Anterior and posteriorTwo curvatures(弯曲)Lesser curvature 胃小弯 Greater
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