英汉句法对比.ppt

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1、Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese,Lecturer：温彬Tel：15903896527E-mail：,1、Synthetic&Analytic,1）A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.2）An analytic language is characterized by frequent use of functi

2、on words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in word order to express synthetic relations.English:synthetic-analytic language(old English was synthetic+modern English is analytic)Chinese:a typical analytic language,1.1 Inflectional the endings er,-est are non-inflectional suffixes.,1、Synthetic&Analytic,The

3、use of inflected forms could express:Parts of speech（词性）Gender（性）Number（数）Case（主格/宾格）Person（人称）Tense（时态）Aspect（体）Voice（语态）Mood（情态）Non-finite verbs（非限定动词）,1、Synthetic&Analytic,1.2 Word Order:flexible&inflexible 1.3 English and Chinese use different function words,1、Synthetic&Analytic,English function

4、 words:Article（冠词）Preposition（介词）Auxiliary verb（助动词）Coordinator（并列连接词）Subordinator（从属连接词）,1、Synthetic&Analytic,Coordinator（并列连接词）,Subordinator（从属连接词）,1、Synthetic&Analytic,Chinese function words:,Particle（助词）aspect particle（动态助词）：着，了，过 structural particle（结构助词）：的、地、得 emotional particle（语气助词）：吗，呢，吧 Co

5、nnective（连接词）,English sentences can be reduced to five basic patterns.English subject-predicate structure appears rigid.Chinese subject-predicate structure is usually varied,flexible,and supple.,2、Rigid&Supple,Hypotaxis（形合法）：P47Parataxis（意合法）：P47,3、Hypotactic&Paratactic,English resorts to overt cohe

6、sion（显性接应）,3、Hypotactic&Paratactic,Chinese relies on covert coherence（隐性连贯）,4、Complex&Simplex,English sentences are complex.Subordination(从属结构)：subordinate clauses and phrasesChinese sentences are simple.Coordination(并列结构)Loose or minor sentences(松散句)Contracted sentences(紧缩句)Elliptical sentences(省略句

7、)Run-on sentences(流水句)Composite sentences(并列形式的复句),Formal written English is in an impersonal style,featured by passives,sentences beginning with introductory it,and abstract nouns as subjects.Chinese perfers to use a personal style,featured by more actives,actives in form but passives in sense,pers

8、onal(animate)subjects,or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences.,5、Impersonal&Personal,translation methods:English impersonal subjects 变为 Chinese personal subjectsEnglish passives 变为 Chinese actives,5、Impersonal&Personal,English prefers to use passives,and why?The agent of an action is self-evide

9、nt or unkown,or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent.Syntactic factors:for cohesion,balance,end focus,end weightRhetorical factors:for variationsStylistic factors:more passives in information writing,6、Passive&Active,Chinese prefers to use actives,including those active in form but p

10、assive in sense.,6、Passive&Active,7、Static&Dynamic,English is featured by nominalization(名词化).Chinese is more dynamic,employing verbs,adverbs,verbal phrases,repetition and reduplication of verbs.,translation methods:the English nominal style 变为 the Chinese verbal style 1)English nouns 变为Chinese verb

11、s 2)English adjectives 变为Chinese adverbs 3)English prepositions 变为Chinese verbs,7、Static&Dynamic,In English,nominalization often results in abstraction.Chinese prefers to use concrete or specific words and employs rhetorical devices,expressing abstract ideas by metaphors,similes,allegories and so on

12、.translation methods:English abstract words 变为 Chinese concrete words,figurative expressions or verbs,8、Abstract&Concrete,translation methods:English abstract words 变为 Chinese concrete words,figurative expressions or verbs,8、Abstract&Concrete,English is indirect.Euphemism Understatement Litotes Indi

13、rect negation Tactful implication PeriphrasisChinese prefers to be direct and straightforward.,9、Indirect&Direct,To avoid repetition,English often resorts to substitution,ellipsis,variation and so on.Substitution:English often uses pro-forms or substitutesEllipsis(zero-substitution):English usually

14、leaves out the same words from a sentence.Variation:English often uses synonyms or near-synonyms,superordinates,hyponyms or general words.,10、Substitutive&Repetitive,Chinese often repeats the same words.Reduplication:character-reduplicationRepetitionAntithesisParallelism,10、Substitutive&Repetitive,Thank,You!,