一章翻译概述.ppt

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1、第一章：翻译概述,教学目的：本章旨在让学生了解什么是翻译，掌握翻译的类别、标准、过程；同时了解部分中西代表译论。教学内容：翻译的定义、分类翻译的标准翻译的过程：理解表达校对中、西译史练 习,1.What is translation?(翻译的定义),The Oxford English Dictionary:to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言);Websters third New International Dictionary of the English Language:to turn into ones own o

2、r another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。,The definition is:,Translation is a rendering from one language into another,i.e.,the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.To be more exact,in Nidas&Tytlers words,美国翻译理论家Eugene A.Nida：,Translating consi

3、sts in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfuse

4、d into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒，1790),Alexander Fraser

5、Tytler:,综合各家之长:,翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.,2.Scope of Translation,in terms of languages:in terms of the mode:in terms of materials to be translated

6、:in terms of disposal:(full-text translation,abridged translation,adapted translation),1.按语言分类：语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation）2.按活动形式分类：笔译（translation）口译（oral interpretation）：连续传译（consecutive translation）和同声传译（simultaneous translation）,3.按翻译材料的文体分类：应用文体翻译 科技文体翻译 论述文体翻译新闻

7、文体翻译 艺术文体翻译4.按处理方式分类：全译 节译 摘译 编译 译述,3.Criteria in China,A.Yan Fus(严复)“three character guide”,which was first proposed in 1898,is the principle of“faithfulness,expressiveness,and elegance”(信、达、雅).“译事三难：信、达、雅”B.Some revisions such as faithfulness,expressiveness and closeness(信、达、切);faithfulness,expres

8、siveness and fitness(信、达、贴),C.Fu Leis(傅雷)spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit（神似)D.Qian Zhongshu(钱钟书)transmigration(化境)E.鲁迅：翻译：一当然力求其易解,一则保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴，提出“宁信而不顺”之原则。林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美”梁实秋的“宁错务顺”瞿秋白的“信顺统一”许渊冲的“音美、形美、意美（三美）”,Criteria for beginners:FaithfulnessSmoothness,“泰特勒三原则”奈达（美）的“动态对等”和“功能对等”纽

9、马克（英）的“文本中心”论,Criteria in the West(reading after class),十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814)。他在论翻译的原则(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则：（1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）（2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The sty

10、le and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.)（3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）,Three Principles of Translation:,美国翻译理论家Eugene A.Nida：,把翻译中的“意义”概括成“语义”和“语体”:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor langua

11、ge the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),Peter Newmark：,交际翻译注重译文读者产生于原文读者相同的效果,语义翻译注重译出原文的所有含义,它们的根本区别在于交际翻译强调信息产生的效果,语义翻译强调信息内容,但是,它们之间的区别是相对的,在翻译实践中,往往是两种翻译方法交替使用,相辅相成,以

12、期达到译文的最佳效果.,Commenting on these methods,I should first say that only semantic and communicative translations fulfill the two main aims of translation”(Newmark，Peter,2001),A.Preparation:basic knowledge about both languages as well as the background knowledge;basic skills in translation are necessary;

13、B.Comprehension:understanding accurately the meaning of the source language;How?C.Expression/Representation:try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese;D.Revision/proofreading:check again and again to polish the language.,The Process of Translation,Eugene A.Nida 的翻译过程,4.History of Translation in

14、 China,1)佛经翻译时期，从东汉开始至唐宋，1000余年（支谦、道安，鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘）2）明末清初：西方科技翻译（徐光启、利玛窦；李之藻）3）清朝后期：西方哲学、文学翻译 重要人物：林纾、严复4）中国近代翻译史：“五四”运动是分水岭；重要人物：鲁迅、瞿秋白、林语堂、朱生豪 5）繁荣阶段：新中国的成立,Western translation history(reading after the Class),第一个高潮是在公元前3世纪中叶。第二个高潮发生于公元4世纪至6世纪之间。第三个高潮是11世纪至12世纪之间。第四次高潮是14-16世纪的欧洲文艺复兴时期。第五次高潮，是第二次世界大

15、战结束以来。,a.)word meaning in context-No context,no text.维特根斯坦（1953：31）:The meaning of a word is its use in the language.一个词的意义就是它在语言中的运用。Hymes(1972:xix)points out,“The key to understanding language in context is to start not with language,but with context.”Each word when used in a new context is a new

16、word.（J.R.Firth,1890-1960,a famous linguist in England P.30）,How to understand?,Dear Mark,New York is finally getting a real sales manager.Congratulations on your new promotion.Your marketing ability has put you well above everyone else in the company,and probably everyone else in the industry.The c

17、ompany will benefit from the enthusiasm and intelligence youve always shown,and I imagine that before long youll be moving the whole firm into the number-one position.Version,亲爱的马克:纽约终于有了位真正的 销售(部)经理，祝贺你(的)又一次高升。你所具有的市场营销知识(能力）使你 在公司里出人头地，很可能 在整个营销业中 你也 高人一筹。你一贯表现出来的 热情 及 聪明才智将会 使你的公司受益匪浅，我想 不久你就会使你的公司名列同行之首。Original,