意识状态.ppt

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1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 7 States of Consciousness,Waking Consciousness,Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environments,Sleep and Dreams,Biological Rhythmsperiodic physiological fluctuationsCircadian Rhythm the biological clockregular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle,such as

2、 of wakefulness and body temperature,Premenstrual Syndrome,Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual,Menstrual phase,Actual,Recalled mood,3,2,1,Negative moodscore,Recalled mood isworse thanearlier reported,Sleep and Dreams,REM(Rapid Eye Movement)Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams“paradoxical sleep

3、”muscles are generally relaxed,but other body systems are activeSleepperiodic,natural,reversible loss of consciousness,Sleep and Dreams,Measuring sleep activity,Brain Waves and Sleep Stages,Alpha Wavesslow waves of a relaxed,awake brainDelta Waveslarge,slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinationsfalse se

4、nsory experiences,Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep,Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep,Sleep Deprivation,Effects of Sleep Lossfatigueimpaired concentrationdepressed immune systemgreater vulnerability to accidents,Sleep Deprivation,Sleep Disorders,Insomniapersistent problems in falling or staying asleep

5、Narcolepsyuncontrollable sleep attacksSleep Apneatemporary cessation of breathingmomentary reawakenings,Night Terrors and Nightmares,Night Terrorsoccur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,usually during Stage 4high arousal-appearance of being terrified,Dreams:Freud,Dreamssequence of images,emotion

6、s,and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mindhallucinatory imagerydiscontinuitiesincongruitiesdelusional acceptance of the contentdifficulties remembering,Dreams:Freud,Sigmund Freud-The Interpretation of Dreams(1900)wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelingsManifest Contentr

7、emembered story lineLatent Contentunderlying meaning,Dreams,As Information Processinghelps facilitate memoriesREM ReboundREM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation,Sleep Across the Lifespan,Hypnosis,Hypnosisa social interaction in which one person(the hypnotist)suggests to another(the subje

8、ct)that certain perceptions,feelings,thoughts,or behaviors will spontaneously occurPosthypnotic Amnesiasupposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosisinduced by the hypnotists suggestion,Hypnosis,Unhypnotized persons can also do this,Hypnosis,Orne&Evans(1965)control group instructe

9、d to“pretend”unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized onesPosthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotizedused by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors,Hypnosis,Dissociationa split in consciousnessallows some

10、thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with othersHidden ObserverHilgards term describing a hypnotized subjects awareness of experiences,such as pain,that go unreported during hypnosis,Explaining Hypnosis,Drugs and Consciousness,Psychoactive Druga chemical substance that alters perceptions a

11、nd moodPhysical Dependence physiological need for a drugmarked by unpleasant withdrawal symptomsPsychological Dependencea psychological need to use a drugfor example,to relieve negative emotions,Dependence and Addiction,Tolerancediminishing effect with regular useWithdrawaldiscomfort and distress th

12、at follow discontinued use,Psychoactive Drugs,Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions alcohol,barbiturates,opiatesStimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity speed up body functionscaffeine,nicotine,amphetamines,cocaine,Psychoactive Drugs,Hallucinogenspsychedelic(mind-manife

13、sting)drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory inputLSD,Psychoactive Drugs,Barbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system,reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement,Psychoactive Drugs,Opiatesopium and its derivatives(morphi

14、ne and heroin)opiates depress neural activity,temporarily lessening pain and anxiety,Psychoactive Drugs,Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity,causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes,Cocaine Euphoria and Crash,Psychoactive Drugs,Ecstasy(MDMA)synthetic stimu

15、lant and mild hallucinogenboth short-term and long-term health risksLSD lysergic acid diethylamidea powerful hallucinogenic drugalso known as acidTHCthe major active ingredient in marijuanatriggers a variety of effects,including mild hallucinations,Psychoactive Drugs,Trends in Drug Use,Perceived Mar

16、ijuana Risk,Near-Death Experiences,Near-Death Experiencean altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with deathoften similar to drug-induced hallucinations,Near-Death Experiences,Dualismthe presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interactMonismthe presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing,