《领导理论与》PPT课件.ppt
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1、领导理论与管理,徐长江浙江师范大学教育科学与技术学院心理系中国科学院心理研究所工业与组织心理研究室Email:,领导者与管理者,Leader,Formal or Informal power,Vision,Change,Future,Manager,Daily operation,Monitor,LEADER,Listen(聆听)Explain(说明)Assist(协助)Discuss(讨论)Evaluate(评价)Respond(应答),领导的定义,斯托格狄尔(R.M.Stogdill):领导是对一个组织起来的群体为确立目标和实现目标所进行的活动施加影响的过程。孔兹(Koontz,1959)
2、:领导是影响人们使之跟随着去完成某一共同目标,是一门促使其部属充满信心,满怀热情地完成他们的任务的艺术。舒马洪(Schermerhorn,1988):这是人际相互影响中的一个特例,在这种特例中,个人或群体会仿照领导者的指示去行动。,领导的定义,小唐纳利(Donnelly,Jr.,1978):领导是一个人向其它人施加影响的过程。霍根(Hogan,1994)等:领导实际上是劝服其它人在一定时期内放弃个人目标,而去追求对群体责任和利益至关重要的组织目标。大桥武夫(1980):领导是发挥集团内成员的全部力量,通过代表全体成员的集体意志,完成集团所规定的目标,是为实现该目标而令其成员努力进步的动力。卢盛
3、忠等(1984)和俞文钊(1988)领导是指引和影响个人或组织,在一定条件下实现目标的过程。,共同之处,均清楚地将领导与领导者两个概念区分开来。均强调领导是一个“影响的过程”,可以说“影响”是理解领导中心涵义的基础。,关于领导含义的深层思考,是特定的角色还是分享影响的过程?影响的目的是什么?理性的影响还是感情的影响?,Definitions of Leadership cont.,Leadership are those who consistently make effective contributions to social order and who are expected and
4、perceived to do so(Hosking,1988)Leadership is a process of giving purpose(meaningful direction)to collective effort,and cause willing effort to be expected to achieve purpose(Jacobs&Jaques,1990)Leadership is the ability to step outside the culture to start evolutionary change process that are more a
5、daptive(Schein,1992),Definitions of Leadership cont.,Leadership is the process of making sense of what people are doing together so that people will understand and be committed(Drath&Palus,1994)Leadership is about articulating visions,embodying values,and creating the environment within which things
6、 can be accomplished(Richards&Engle,1986),Specialized Role vs.Shared Influences Process,Specialized Role of being a formal leaderLeaders and Followers presentMay be a leader and follower,Shared influence process of leadershipEverybody shares leadership responsibilitiesAn informal social system,Type
7、of Influence,Enthusiastic CommitmentIndifferent compliance&reluctant obedienceDefinition of Leadership should not predetermine the answer to effective leadership,Purpose of Influence Attempts,Perfect World:Leadership occurs only when followers are influenced to do what is ethical or beneficial to or
8、ganizationReal World:Leadership may include selfish behaviors such as trying to gain personal benefits at followers expense.Preferred view includes all attempts regardless of purpose,Reason vs.Emotion,ReasonMost definitions emphasize rational cognitive process,EmotionImportance of emotion is being r
9、ecognized as a basis of influenceToday researchers emphasize emotion more than rationale,Reason vs.Emotion cont.,Newer perspective assumes that only value&based influence can account for exceptional achievements of followers,Leadership vs.Management,A person can be a leader with out being a managerA
10、 person can be a manager without being a leader,Leadership vs.Management cont.Some researchers contend that the two are qualitatively different,Leadershipinnovationdirectiondo right things,Managementstabilityefficientlydo things right,Leadership vs.Management cont.,Contrary View:view leading and man
11、aging as unique/distinct process,but view leaders and managers a different peopleSimplistic Stereotypes labeling leaders and managers dont advance our understanding of leadershipEspecially since manager=occupational title,Leadership Effectiveness,The definition of leadership used:Determines the effe
12、ctiveness of the leader,Leadership Effectiveness cont.Next style of measurement,Attitudes of followers towardsleadersorganizationgoals,Leadership Effectiveness cont.Final Style of Measurement,Leaders contributions to group progress(followers and outside observers),领导理论,资料来源:Bryman,A.(1992):Charisma
13、and leadership in organizations,London:SAGE,1.,特性理论(Trait Theory),又称素质理论、“伟人理论”(Greatman Theory)、“英雄理论”(Hero Theory)关心的是有效领导者应具有何种素质。根据对领导特性来源的不同解释,可把这种理论分为传统特性理论和现代特性理论。,传统特性理论,领导者的特性是与生俱来的,生为不具备领导特性的人不能当领导。亚里士多德:“几人从出生之日早就已经注定属于治人或治于人的命运。”吉伯,1969:天才的领导者应具备七种先天特性:善言辞;外表英俊潇洒;智力过人;具有自信心;心理健康;有支配他人的倾向
14、;外向而敏感。,现代特性理论,领导是一个动态的过程,领导的特性并非先天就有的,而是在实践中通过训练和培养予以造就的。,个人品质对管理成功的重要性(Chiselli),行为理论,不强调领导者的天赋与素质,而注重领导者本身的行为与作风。认为领导者对被领导者所采取的控制方式不同,将会影响组织气氛从而影响其成员行为和工作效率。可分为领导作风和领导行为两个方面。,领导作风的开创研究(勒温),民主(权力定位于群众),专制(权力定位于领导者),实行多数裁定的原则,放任(权力定位于个人),家长式作风,没有领导式的讨论,领导行为(双维理论),领导行为的四分图理论,低组织 高组织高关心 高关心低组织 高组织低关心
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