《语法单项讲解》PPT课件.ppt
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1、语法单项讲解,主讲人:何福胜 教授,语法测试要求,掌握基本的英语语法知识,要求能在阅读、写作等过程中能够正确运用这些知识,达到获取有关信息和基本表达、交流思想的目的。具体需要掌握的内容如下:1.名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及其用法;2.动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法;3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成形式及其用法;4.常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法;5.非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成形式及其用法;6.虚拟语气的构成及其用法;7.各类从句的构成及其用法;8.强调句型的结构及其用法;9.常用倒装句的结构。,词汇和语法考题形式,本部分共设10道题,每道考题中有一空白,要求考生根
2、据词汇或语法要求在四个选择项中选择一个最佳答案。本部分满分为20分,每题2分。考试时间为8分钟。,Structure(8 minutes,20 points),Directions:There are 10 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet with a single lin
3、e through the center.,常用语法考点,1.名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及其用法;2.动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法;3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成形式及其用法;4.常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法;5.非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成形式及其用法;6.虚拟语气的构成及其用法;7.各类从句的构成及其用法;8.强调句型的结构及其用法;9.常用倒装句的结构。,答题策略,1 熟练掌握英语基础语法2 熟记以上9项重要语法考点3 分析理解全句的意思4 利用句子的语法规律判断填空词5 利用句子语境信息判断填空词6 利用排除法推断出填空词,名 词,1常用不可数名词ad
4、vice baggage cashclothing damage equipmentfurniture homework importanceinformation jewelry knowledgelaughter leisure luggagemachinery mail moneymusic news peacerainrecognition research scenerysoap snow trafficviolence water work,名词,2这些不可数名词的常用单数形式是:一个可数名词+of+不可数名词。例如:an article of clothing a piece o
5、f information/advice/news an act of violence,名词,3这些不可数名词的常用复数形式是:一个可数名词的复数形式+of+不可数名词。例如:four articles of clothing two pieces of information/advice/news many pieces of furniture,名词(常用数量表达法),可数名词 不可数名词few little a few a littlefewer lessa/the number of amount ofmany mucha lot of a lot ofsome someany a
6、nyno noall allother other,名词(数字有时可以当名词或形容词使用),正确表达法 错误表达法hundreds of examples hundred of example,hundred s of examplesthree feet three footan eight-foot-long tail an eight-feet-long tailten thousand people ten thousands peopletwo million years ago two millions years ago,two million year agofifty per
7、cent of the inhabitants fifty percents of.a fifty-percent decrease a fifty-percents decrease,a fifties-percent decrease,例题1,Mr and MrsSmith are so excited today,for they bought yesterdayAmany furnitures Bso many furnitureCquite a few furniture Da lot of furniture,例题2,Ever since Picassos painting wen
8、t on exhibit,there _ large crowds at the museum every day.A.is B.has beenC.have been D.are,代词,“one the other”与“one another”的区别:“one the other”所修饰的数是两个,the other指两者中的另一个;而“one another”所修饰的数是三个或三个以上,another指不定数目(至少三个)中的另一个。,代词,“both”与“all”的区别:both用于指两个人或事物;all用于指两者以上的人或物。both与all作同位语用,放在名词或代词后,如:We bo
9、th study very hard.若谓语是系动词时,则需将其放在系动词后。若谓语是行为动词,前面又有助动词时,应放在助动词之后。如:They have both gone to Beijing on business.both与all都可用of结构。若其后是名词,of可省略;若是人称代词时,of不可省略。,代词,“whole”与“all”的区别:whole表示“全部,所有”之意时,后面不能接复数,而且采用“the+whole+名词”的词序。当all表示“全部,所有”时,后面既可跟不可数名词,也可跟复数可数名词,并采用“all+the+名词”的词序,如all the students,all
10、 the morning。但all day,all night中不用the。,代词,“none”与“no one”的区别:none of the ss./no ss none表示“之中没有一个”,一般是对两者以上的人或物进行否定。None可以代替单数或复数名词,谓语动词也有单数或复数,而且它既可指人,也可指物。neither(of)表示“两者都不”。No one表示“一个也没有”,即“not a single one”只代表单数名词,只能指人,谓语动词用单数。,例题1,He came back from the market with a piece of meat in hand and s
11、ome fish in.A.one/another B.the one/the otherC.the one/another D.one/the other,例题2,Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times,was done.A.a few damagesB.few damagesC.little damage D.a little damage,时态,一般现在时:一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和永恒真理。如果主语是第三人称单数,其动词后需加s或es。例如:He always gets up l
12、ate on Sundays.He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.在以as soon as,when,after等引导的时间状语从句中,或以if,unless等引导的条件状语从句中,通常使用一般现在时态。例如:Ill ring you as soon as he comes back.Youll succeed if you try your best.,时态,现在进行时:现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作,也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活
13、动。表示后一种情况时,动作也一定正在进行。例如:Steve is studying Chinese best.并非所有动词都有进行时,有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时,除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有:be,love,like,hate,believe,think,feel,seem等。例如:Do you see anyone over there?Are you seeing someone off?(see off 意思是“送行”)现在进行时也可表示将来的动作:它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作。例如:Im leaving for Beijing tomorr
14、ow.现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。例如:She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.,时态,现在完成时:现在完成时表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作,也可表示从过去某一刻发生,现在仍延续着的动作或情况。此时态强调动作对现在的影响。例如:The conference has lasted for five days.Hes just bought an unusual taxi.当句子中出现表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时,谓语动词一般用现在完成时。此类状语有up to(till)now,so far
15、,these days,this summer,for(后接一段时间的短语),since(后接过去某个具体时间)等。例如:We havent seen each other again since we graduated in 1987.句中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时主要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。例如:What did she say about it?I have lived in Beijing for 15 years.,时态,一般过去时:一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生且一下子就完成的动作,也可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去。例如:
16、I had a word with Mary this morning.He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up.一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如yesterday,last week,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when等。“used to+动词原形”表示“过去经常”而现在已经停止的习惯动作。例如:He used to work fourteen hours a day.Did you use to do/I didnt u
17、se to do 另外,注意区别“used to do”和“be/get/become used to doing”。后者意为“习惯于”,to为介词,后跟名词或动名词。,时态,过去进行时:过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作,也可表示过去某段时间内正在发生或反复发生的动作。例如:Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkings was telling me his experiences as a young man.Bill was coughing all night long.,时态,过去完成时:过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在时间上,它属于“过去的过
18、去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。例如:By the end of the war,the small workshop had become a large factory.They found that a stream had formed in the field.,时态,一般将来时:一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况,也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。例如:He will take part in an important race across the country.The students will have five Eng
19、lish classes per week this term.be going to,be to do,be about to do 等也可表示将来的动作,但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作或情况。,时态,将来进行时:将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生的持续的动作。其构成:willbe动词的现在分词。例如:Ill be having an English class this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at th
20、e station.,时态,将来完成时:将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作,它也可用来表示推测。注意“by+将来时间”句型。例如:They will have stayed here for five months next week.By the end of next month,they will have studied twenty passages.,时态,现在完成进行时:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是:前者一般表示已结束的动作或情况,它强调对现在的影响。后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况,它强调动作的延续性。例如:I have thought it over.我
21、已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over.我一直考虑这件事。Be careful!Peter has been painting the car.注意!彼得刚才还在给这部车上油漆。(油漆尚未干),例题1,_ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.A.He would leave school B.He left schoolC.He had left school D.He has left school,例题2,He in a small workshop,but n
22、ow he is the head of a big business company.A.used to working B.was used to work C.used to work D.was used to working,例题3,Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory by about 10%.A.will have risenB.has risenC.will be risingD.has been rising,语态,语态(voice)是一种动词形式,表示主语
23、与谓语动词所表示的动作之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态:主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。被动语态往往是各类考试中的侧重点。英语被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。被动语态的时态变化借助动词be来实现。助动词be要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。,语态,被动语态常用于下列几种情况:1动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时。例如:Printing was introduced into Europe from China.Rome was not built in a day.2为强调动作的承受者时。例如:Four people were kill
24、ed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.3为了修辞的需要。例如:He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.,语态,1除及物动词外,一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可使用被动态形式,除个别情况短语动词一般不拆开使用。例如:This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.,语态
25、,2不及物动词(或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词)和表示状态的动词(或短语动词)无被动语态形式,如:happen,rise,occur,take place,break out 等;以及lack,fit suit,equal,become,resemble,befall,consist of,look like等。例如:The story took place in 1949.,语态,3将主动态形式改为被动态形式时,如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况,我们只能将其中之一变成主语,另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时,保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。例如:I gave my husband a ti
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