《英语语法修辞》PPT课件.ppt
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1、,English Rhetoric,英语修辞学,第一章 喻类修辞格,1.Simile 1.1 Definition Simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another,in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image.It is explicit comparison(as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit)recognizable by the use of words“like”or“
2、as”.1.2常用的比喻词有as,like,seem,as if,as though,such as 等。1.3其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as as B”。1.4其他的格式或句型还有:虚拟句型 最常见的是用 as if 或as though作比喻词,另外还有其他一些形式。,1.4.2 what 型 A is to B what C is to D.what C is to D,(that)A is to B.A does for B What C does for D.1.4.3 than型1.4.4 and型 这是一种特殊的明喻句,常见于英语谚语。其中and 的作用
3、相当于like,不可把它理解为“和”、“与”等义。1.4.5 动词型Compare,treat as,regardas,consider.as,be likened,suggest,resemble,be similar to,serveas,honouras,respectas.,2.Metaphor,2.1 Definition Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison,in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing
4、 is applied to another.2.2 Comparison between“simile”and“metaphor”2.2.1 The Similarities隐喻与明喻在下列两点上是完全相同的:比喻要在两种不同的事物之间相比;两种不同的事物相比时只在一点上相似,不在多点上相似。2.2.2 The Differences in Forms隐喻与明喻不同的地方从表现形式上来说也是两点:,明喻常用“似”、“像”之类的比喻词,而隐喻则绝对不用这一类比喻词。明喻中的主体与喻体一定同时出现在句子中,而隐喻中的主体与喻体在句中却会有三种情况:或同时出现在句子中;或句子中只出现喻体,主体隐去
5、了;或句子中只有主体,喻体隐去了。后两种情况,范家材先生(1992:83)称之为“折射结构”。2.2.3 The Differences in Essence明喻是“相类”的关系,隐喻是“相合”的关系。明喻的相类,只是一种客观的比较,是人的一种认识。而隐喻的相合,则是一种主观上带有内涵意义的融合,是人的审美力与艺术想象力的体现。Eg.“女人似花”,女人是女人,花是花,各有所指。这一句话只是表达了说话者对女人与花之间关系的一种认识。若说“女人是花”,就不一样了,女人与花不再分指,而是在“美丽”这一内涵上融合为一了。,2.3 Metaphor 的结构 用to be连接本体(the tenor)和喻
6、体(the vehicle),喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。这是最基本的结构形式。用of 连接喻体和本体,这是另一结构,其中的介词of表示同位关系。用动词或形容词表示比喻。2.4 Metaphor 的设喻方法 以一种形象具体的事物去比喻另一形象具体的事物。用形象具体的事物,比喻抽象的事物或概念。以一种抽象概念去比喻另一种抽象概念。,2.5 英汉对比比拟和比喻不同,比喻要求两个本质不同的事物有相似之处,比拟主要是两事物进行类比,不一定要有相似关系或相关关系。Metaphor不单是汉语的隐喻,也包含借喻和拟物两种辞格。,3.Personification,3.1 DefinitionPersoni
7、fication is a figure of speech in which a thing,quality,or idea is represented as a person.3.2 The Forms把物体、无形的自然现象等当作人来描写。把动物、植物当作人来描写。把抽象概念当作人来描写。,4.Transferred Epithet,4.1 DefinitionTransferred Epithet is a figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify a
8、nother to which it does not really belong.4.2 The Structures在形式上修饰甲名词的修饰语,在语义上转移修饰乙名词。在形式上是某一名词的修饰语,在语义上却是另一动词(非谓语动词)的修饰语。其作用相当于一个状语。句中形式上修饰事物的修饰语,在语义上修饰人物,表示人的特征或状态等。有时修饰转移的来龙去脉不明显,这时要借助上下文对文章进行理解,进行联想和引申。,4.3 The Forms修饰语(形容词或分词)名词 4.3.2 名词of 名词,第二章 代类修辞格,5.Synecdoche 5.1 Definition Synecdoche is
9、a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole,the whole for the fan,species for genus,the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made.,5.2 Familiar Examples,A.The part for the wholehand:a)member of a ships crew All hands are on deck.b)worker,laborer,helper-They wer
10、e short of hands at harvest time.2.head:person-He paid the workers$5 per head.3.heart:brave fellow-Yet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance.(C.S.Forester),4.legs:(coll.)persons on foot;the infantry-The legs could hardly keep up with the tanks.5.bread:food,esp.staple food-Give us thi
11、s day our daily bread.(Prayer)They say theres bread and work for all,And the sun shines always there:But Ill not forget old Ireland,Were it fifty times as fair.(Helen S.Blackwood),B.The whole for the part 1.Name of country for group of people of that country-Australia beat Canada at cricket.(=the Au
12、stralian team beat the Canadian team)2.Vehicle for engine,machine for mechanism of machine itself,etc.-The car conked out.The planes flamed out!The radio(TV)is out of order.3.Person for part of his body-Then he cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched me up again(=cut his abdomen open),C.T
13、he species for the genus,or the genus for the species 1.Alas,that Spring should vanish with the Rose!(Edward Fitzgerald)(rose=flowers in general;species for the genus)2.What a despicable creature he is.(creature=man;the genus for the species)D.Name of material for the thing made 1.He walked the boar
14、ds for a living.(the boards=the stage)2.She was dressed in silk and satins.(silks and satins=dresses made of silk and satin)3.Cotton suits you.(cotton=garments made of cotton)4.Better be jocund with the fruitful Grape Than sadden after none,or bitter,fruit.(E.Fitzgerald),5.3 The Comparison of Synecd
15、oche and metonymy 5.3.1 Replace B with A;Substitute A for B 5.3.2 The Differences Only metonymy involves substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it,whereas synecdoche involves the substitution of the part for the whole,or the whole for the part.For instance,
16、in the sentencesmetonymy:Lets drink a cup or two.The kettle is boiling.The pen is mightier than the sword.The gray hair should be respected.,6.Understatement,6.1 Definition Understatement is a figure of speech contains an understatement of emphasis,and therefore the opposite of hyperbole,often used
17、in everyday speech and usually with laconic or ironic intentions.6.2 The Differences between Understatement and Hyperbole“低调陈述(understatement)是与夸张相反的辞格。夸张是夸大其词,而言之;低调是轻描淡写,含蓄内敛。夸张是deliberately maximize the importance,低调是deliberately minimize the importance;夸张是play up。低调是play down;夸张是high profile,低调是
18、low profile。”(范家材:英语修辞赏析),6.3 Structures,用词汇手段来体现。用语法手段来体现。6.4 The Basic Expressions正话反说正话反说就是用no,not,none,never以及否定词缀等否定词与否定表达法来表述肯定的内容,这种表达方式在修辞学中有一个专门术语叫曲言法(litotes)。Eg1.As lean was his horse as is a rake,And he was not right fatI undertake,弱说代替强说用弱说代替强说,常用a bit,a1most,hardly,kind of,rather,prett
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