《英语翻译精讲》PPT课件.ppt

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1、翻译精讲,翻译考题通常包含有难度的词汇、语法和句子结构等所谓的考点。平时应熟练掌握翻译技巧，善于处理各类情况。,一般翻译的步骤有三个：,1、仔细阅读原文，分析理解每个词汇和句子结构，正确理解其含义；2、将原文搁置一边，依据对原含义的把握用中文表达出来；3、将译文同原文比较，补充漏掉的意思，作必要的调整与润色。,翻译中切忌：,1、不顾词语在整个句子中的环境，按照自己有限的认识机械死译；2、逐字逐句翻译，或一个萝卜一个坑式的一一对应翻译；3、机械按照原文语序照搬翻译成汉语，使汉语语句不同，意义含混不清。,答题注意事项：,1、有把握的题尽量做到完善，拿满分；2、没把握的题也不轻言放弃，知道的全部写出

2、来，不知道的结合语境猜测意义编写，不要留空；3、实在一点都写不出来，就放弃，将时间用于其他题，切不可发泄性乱写，既浪费自己时间又引起批卷老师反感。总之，力争做到“知无不言，言无不尽”。,一、词义的选择,词语的意义往往由语境，即上下文所决定。对词汇的理解不能太偏狭、机械，而是在掌握其基本意义的前提下，结合词语所处的具体的句子整体的含义，灵活处理，使译文准确和通畅。,She had a heart so large that everybodys griefs and joys found welcome in it.她的心胸开阔，无论谁的悲伤与欢乐都容得下。,The issue of insan

3、ity as a defense in criminal cases is at the interface of medicine,law and ethics.刑事案件中以精神错乱为理由进行辩护，这个问题涉及到医学、法律、伦理道德等三方面问题。,As already discussed,the disease,if present at all,is usually a rather steady and continuous process.如上所述，此病一旦发生，就是顽症。,At the dawn of the 21st century a free people must now c

4、hoose to shape the forces of the Information Age and the global society,to unleash the limitless potential of all our people,and to form a more perfect union.在21世纪的黎明到来之际，自由的人民现在必须作出抉择，明确信息时代和全球社会的各种力量，充分发挥我国全体人民的无限潜力，实现更完善的团结统一。,The country not agreeing with her,she returned to England.由于水土不服，她就回到了

5、英国。And this industry,visible to our neighbours,began to give us character and credit.我们的街坊们看到我们如此勤奋，开始看重我们，给我们以好评了。,He contended that the ill-paid labouring classes ought to save sufficient means in their early days to support themselves in the decline to life.他竭力主张，工资不多的各个劳动阶级应当及早积攒足够的财富，以便在晚年维持生计。

6、,If we must not be obsessed by the past,we should not entirely ignore it.如果说我们不应迷恋过去，那么也不应该完全无视过去。,Because the body defense system is damaged,the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases.由于人体的免疫系统遭到破坏，病人几乎没有什么能力来抵抗众多其他疾病的侵袭。,二、词性转换,英语句子讲究主谓结构，谓语只有一个，非谓语形式和从句频繁出现，而汉语在一个句子中可以有若干个动词。

7、通常把英语中的名词、形容词、介词等翻译成汉语的动词，尤其具有动作意义的名词和有动词衍生的名词。,An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.了解一些世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。After an impatient oath or two,she got her hair away from her eyes,sufficiently to obtain a sight of him.她不耐烦地咒骂了一两声，把头发从眼睛上拨开，才看到了他。,Rockets have found appl

8、ication for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言明白无误地、心平气和地表明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。,I,like Queen Victoria,have always been a believer in that old maxim“moderation in all things.”我

9、与维多利亚女王一样，一直信奉那句古老的箴言：“凡事适度”。I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.我非常感激我的父亲，因为在我小的时候他总是不断地鼓励我。,The growing awareness by millions of people of their intolerable conditions of life had prompted them to relinquish the present social system.千百万人民日益认识到他们那种难以容

10、忍的生活状况，这就促使他们放弃现行的社会制度。,The wide application of computer in designing can free us from a host of complicated work.在设计领域广泛地应用电脑可以把我们从许多复杂的工作中解放出来。,In handling the materials of history,each act of selection is also an act of judgment,and therefore the charge of bias is never completely answerable.在处理历

11、史资料时，每选一项资料就是作出一种判断，因此不能说你就百分之百地没有偏见。,Ideally,one day,researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly.最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因及具体断层的性质有足够的了解，从而能够直接预报地震。,He sometimes,as I thought,bore me down more by his fluency than by his

12、 strength of his reasons.我觉得，他有时之所以能把我驳倒，不是因为他的理由充分，而是因为他的口才好。,It is equally the obligation of education to train the minds and the talents of our youth;to improve,through creative citizenship,our American institutions in accord with the requirements of the future.同样，教育有责任培养我们青年的思想与才智，并通过创新的公民义务教育，来

13、提高美国的学术机构，适应未来的要求。,三、增词与减词,Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice.勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；喜爱过度，即成溺爱；勤俭过度，即成贪婪。,We talked about ourselves,of our prospects,of the journey,of the weather,of each otherof everything but our host and hostess.我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅行，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女

14、主人,They pay lip-service to education but dont work for better schools.他们口惠而实不至，口口声声支持教育，却又不肯为改善学校条件做一些实际工作。,The spirit of a campaign against poverty does not cost a single cent.It is a matter of vision,of sensitivity.开展消灭贫困运动的精神不需要花一分钱；这需要有远见卓识，需要有敏锐的洞察力,Scientific exploration,the search for knowled

15、ge has given men the practical results of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other man.科学的探索，知识的追求，是人类获得了避免天灾人祸的能力。,Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion.人们要掌握科学，必须作出巨大的努力并对之怀有无限的热爱。,Medicine is not a science but a learned pr

16、ofession deeply rooted in a number of sciences and charged with the obligation to apply them for mans benefit.医学不是一门独立的学科，医学是需要学问的职业。它深深地植根于许多学科之中。医学的责任是要应用科学知识造福人类。,To get to the Olympics,athletes need an abundance of raw talents,good training and willingness to sweat and sacrifice.若想参加奥运会，运动员需要有天资

17、、良好的训练，并且愿意付出汗水和做出牺牲。,四、英语结构的特点,英语句子的主谓结构是全句的骨架核心和支点，在此基础上衍生出其他修饰、限定、补充等附加成分，同时运用其他结构，如各类从句、词组、以及非谓语动词等，在逻辑上经常把信息重心放在前面，即结果前，原因后；结论前，条件后；事实前，让步后。,汉语句子则少受主谓结构的限制，语序一般按时间顺序或因果逻辑顺序逐步展开，先交代时间、条件、原因等次要信息，后表明由此产生的结果（即主句）。翻译时应考虑到各自语言的特点，英译汉时不必拘泥于原文的层次结构，适时断句，把树型结构变成直线性叙述，避免英式汉语,We can only derive informati

18、on from students errors if we are capable of describing them in an adequate manner.我们只有对学生的错误作出适当的描述，才能从中取得材料。,Such mastery can only be achieved if the learner internalizes the rules which determine the proper use.只有在学生把有助于做适当选择的有关规则变为自己内在的东西之后，才能这样运用自如。,The boy,who was crying as if his heart would

19、break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungry,because he had had no food for two days.那个男孩哭得心似乎都要碎了，当我问他时，他说他已经两天没有吃东西，实在是饿极了。,Their fortress,built on a hill,commanded an extensive prospect of the bright and beautiful lake and its surrounding forests.从他们建在山上的城堡望去，可以远眺一片广阔的地域，明澄美丽的湖泊及环绕湖面的森林

20、也尽收眼底。,It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way.（试卷）十几岁的孩子要抵挡住大众文化浪潮而走自己的路越来越难了。,If democracy is to survive,it is the task of men of thought,as well as men of action,to put aside pride and prejudice,and with courage and singl

21、e-minded devotionand above all with humilityto find the truth and teach the truth that shall keep men free.要使民主得以存在，善于思索的人与敏于行动的人都必须消除傲慢与偏见；他们要有勇气，有全心全意的献身精神，最重要的是要有谦虚精神，去寻求与传播使人民永保自由的真理。,There are those who view this prospect with alarm for they fear that civilization,as we know it,will be swept aw

22、ay by juvenilesif not entirely delinquent,then at least objectionable.有的人对这个前景颇感惊慌，因为他们担心人类现知的文明将被青少年一扫而光，这些青少年即使不全是少年罪犯，至少也算得上是捣蛋鬼。,Since the invention of this technique at our laboratory,it has found its way into varied applications in the commercial,industrial and military fields.自从我们实验室发明这项技术以来，

23、它的种种应用已经遍及商业、工业和军事领域。,五、被动结构的处理,（1）被动结构除了用“被”之外，还可以用“为所”，“是的”，“加以”，“予以”等,Principles mean very little unless they are acted up.原则如果不加以执行，就没有什么意义了。Mistakes must not be covered up.They must be exposed before you can correct them.错误不应加以掩饰，而必须加以揭露，才能加以改正。,Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they c

24、an be treated with medicine.疾病必须先有正确诊断，才能用药加以治疗。Part or all of the light may be reflected,absorbed or transmitted by the thing or object that comes into its way.光的一部分或全部可能给挡住其去路的物体所反射、吸收或透射。,The debate goes on,but one thing appears to be clear:the relaxation response can be achieved by a number of m

25、ethods.（试卷）争论还在继续，但是有一点看起来是明显的：放松效应可以通过许多方式达到。,（2）将被动翻译省汉语的主动，必要时对句子的主语作变换调整,Many new opportunities will be opened up in the course of time for those with a university education.今后，具有大学文化水平的人将会过的更多新的就业机会。,Nothing that this country(the US)did or could have done within the reasonable limits of its cap

26、abilities could have changed that result;nothing that was left undone by this country has contributed to it.美国在它能力的合理限度内所实际采取过的，或本来能够采取的种种措施，都不能改变这个结果；美国也没有因为未能采取某些措施而促成这个结果。,Crimes such as this are not usually owned up to unless the culprit hopes to gain some thing from confessing.一般来说，犯人是不会承认这类罪行，

27、除非认罪对他们有利。,（3）将被动翻译成汉语的无主句,So much has been published on all kinds of subjects that even a specialist who devoted all his time to reading could not keep up with it.各类学科已发表了诸多材料，即使是整天看材料的专家也跟不上啊。,A job such as that is not one that should be thrown up without serious thought.这么一份好差事可不能等闲视之。,Organizati

28、onal leadership must be made fully equal to the task of ensuring the realization of the political slogans and decisions of the Party.必须使组织上的领导完全保证党的政治口号及其决议的实现。,The most important part of the teaching of a place like Yale is found in the lessons of public spirit and devotion to high ideals which it

29、gives;these things can in some measure be learned from daily life of the college and the sentiments which it inculcates.在耶鲁这样的学府里，最重要的课程是为公众服务的精神以及由此产生的献身于崇高理想的品质。在一定程度上，这些可以从大学的日常生活及大学教诲的情操中学到。,六、定语从句的处理,定语从句一般有三种译法：简短的从句处理成汉语相应的定语，若从句较长且结构复杂，可重复所修饰的名词另译成一句，有时依据原文的内在逻辑关系将从句处理成汉语的状语，这时需要添加表示时间、条件、原因

30、、转折等连词。,Ones thought must be directed to the future,and to things about which there is something to be done.一个人应当把心思放在未来，放到可以有所作为的事情上。,In spite of the title,this article will really be on how not to grow old,which,at my time of life,is a much more important subject.尽管有这样一个标题，这篇文章真正要谈的却是如何不变老。在我这个年龄，

31、这实在是一个至关重要的问题。,There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast majority of words in ordinary polite use,deviation from which is regarded either as a provincialism or as a vulgarism.现今日常社交所用的大多数读音已有了一个公认的统一的标准。不符合这个标准，就被称为方言或粗俗发音。,There can be no criticism of the custom,but there may be an

32、unfortunate effect that prolonged routine work dulls the imagination.（06试卷）这种习惯做法不会招致什么批评，但也许会有一种不好的作用长久的日常工作削弱想象力。,We support the open trading system which is to the ultimate advantage of all.我们支持开放的贸易制度，因为它最终对各方都是有益的。She was very patient toward the children,which her husband seldom was.她对孩子门很有耐心，而

33、她丈夫却很少这样。,The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or hear from.大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。,It may seem somewhat odd to get water from fire,but we shall find that water is a common by-product of any fire in which hydrogen takes part.从火中取水，这听起来似乎有些离

34、奇，但我们发现，水乃是火的一种常见的副产品，只要有氢参与燃烧的话。,Computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work nor replace man.尽管电脑有很多优点，但它们不能进行创造性的工作，也代替不了人。,七、比较结构的理解与翻译,英语中比较结构运用频繁，常常表示类比、取舍、肯定或否定等多种意义。故而在理解与表达时不能简单地视其为比较概念，而应根据具体情况作灵活处理。,Whether you die at a young age or when you are older is less import

35、ant than whether you have fully lived the years you have had.人的一生不在于你能活多久，更重要的是你是否活得很充实。,The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time is too valuable to be wasted.美国人所需要的各种方便之物与其说反映了一种从容不迫的生活方式，还不如说反映了一种忙碌的生活方式，在这种忙碌

36、的生活中甚至几分钟的时间都得珍惜。,I find this rather chilling,less because of what it says about the teenagers than what it says about their parents.这使我不寒而栗，倒不是因为那些有关青少年的说法，而是因为关于他们父母的言论。No complaint is more common than that of a scarcity of money.最普遍的抱怨莫过于说钱不够用。,Many active people are of the opinion that the sligh

37、test grain of resignation,the faintest gleam of humour,would destroy the energy with which they do their work and the determination by which,as they believe,they achieve success.许多忙碌的人认为，哪怕一丁点儿的舍弃，一丁点儿的幽默，足以破坏他们做事的精力，破坏他们自以为能带来成功的决心。,The timing of this event could not be more appropriate,as we all a

38、wait the presentation next month of the commissions formal proposals for reform of the Common Agricultural Policy.此次会议的时间是再合适不过了，正值我们等待委员会下月正式提出（欧盟）共同农业政策改革计划时期。,There are as many different library services as there are types of people who use them.（07试卷）图书馆的服务种类之多，足以满足不同使用者的需要。,The beauty of our co

39、untry(Great Britain)is as hard to define as it is easy to enjoy.人们一方面可以悠然享受英伦之美，另一方面却难以将她的美丽付诸笔墨。,He would say to me,Old Pontifex was not only an able man,but he was one of the very ablest men that ever I knew.This was more than I as a young man was prepared to stand.他总是对我说：“老庞蒂费克斯不仅是个能干人，而且是我所知最有才干

40、的人之一。”在我还年轻气盛的时候，听了这话哪里受得了。,八、否定的理解与翻译,英语中各种否定结构的理解（包括双重否定、强调否定、部分否定、和否定含义的转移，即否定其它成分而非谓语）是正确翻译的前提，切不可望文生义，想当然地简单处理。,During four very difficult years,the two Curies never made an experiment without weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking.在艰苦的四年中，居里夫妇每次做实验，总要称重、煮沸、测量、计算并思考。,We

41、 dont believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other language in the world.我们相信，祖国的语言并不逊色于世界上任何其他语言。,I do not believe in a fate that will fall on us no matter what we do.I do believe in a fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我决不相信无论我们怎样做都不可避免某一厄运。我却相信如果我们碌碌无为厄运将降临我们头上。,We cannot recom

42、mend this book too strongly.这本书很好，无论如何推荐，也不过分。It is not to be denied that no sacrifice is too great to avert a catastrophe.不容否认，为了避免大灾难，再大的牺牲也不算大。,Chinas potential contribution,as one of the worlds largest economies and a leading figure in world affairs,cannot be over exaggerated.中国作为世界上最大的经济强国之一和国际

43、事务领导者，其潜在的贡献无论怎样夸大都不为过。,Just because the matter had always been hidden from us,it intrigued us the more,when first revealed.正因为这件事一直不让我们知道，所以一旦暴露出来，大家都特别好奇。,Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation.永恒的真理如果不在新的社会形势下赋予新的意义，就既不是真理，也不是

44、永恒的了。,九、一些词组和结构,（1）主语从句一般翻译成“的”结构，或主谓宾结构做译文的主语，其余部分仍按原文顺序处理。其他名词性从句可根据语境补充名词而不必译出whatever,whoever等连词,Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake.谁要是看不到这点，就要犯极大的错误。,Whatever was said here must be kept secre

45、t.这里说的话都应当保密。What comes before realization is contemplation.If you avoid contemplation,you will never get to the realization.实现计划之前必须深思熟虑。如果你不加思考，就绝对不可能使计划付诸实现。,What he emphasized over and over again was that,no matter how difficult it might be,they should never retreat even for an inch.他再三强调的是，不管多么

46、困难，他们决不应该后退寸步。Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.每一种生物都有控制自己行为的时钟，科学家称之为生物钟。,It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他参不参加会议没多大关系。She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.她从不满足于她取得的成就。We can assign the work to

47、whoever is reliable.我们可以把这项任务交给任何可靠的人。,As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge,this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it.至于这种最初积累起来的知识有多大确切的价值，这在很大程度上取决于获得知识的方法和传授知识的人。,（2）同位语可将其处理成动词，变为主句的谓语。也可将其提前至句首。,An obedient son,I had accepte

48、d my fathers decision that I was to be a doctor,though the prospect interested me not at all.作为一个孝顺的儿子，我接受了父亲的决定，要当医生，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。,We demanded a guarantee that no similar incident would occur again.我们要求保证不再发生类似事件。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.延迟应由他负责，这个事实是

49、改变不了的。,There can be no doubt that he is qualified for the job.他有资格胜任这个工作，这是毫无疑问的。But considered realistically,we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。,（3）倒装结构可将倒装部分恢复原处，或识别出语法结构，然后酌情处理。,Had this article been a scientific analysis on the experime

50、nt,it would have been useful.假定这篇文章的内容是科学分析那次实验的话，则本来是有所裨益的。Little do we suspect that the region is rich in water resources.这一地区水利资源丰富，我们对此深信不疑。,Simple as the question may seem,it is not at all common in nature.这问题似乎简单，但实质上它一点也不一般。We call conductors those materials which allow electricity to pass ea