《肿瘤病理学》PPT课件.ppt
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1、肿瘤病理学 Pathology of Neoplasia,基础医学研究所病理生物学研究室陆应麟,肿瘤是目前死亡常见原因之一。恶性肿瘤是男性第二位死因,女性第三位主要死因。我国最常见恶性肿瘤:城市:肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、肠癌 和乳癌 农村:胃癌、肝癌、肺癌、食管 癌、肠癌,基 本 概 念,肿瘤的慨念肿瘤是机体中正常细胞,在不同始动与促进因素长期作用下所产生的增生与异常分化所形成的新生物。肿瘤的特点新生物一旦形成,不因病因消除而停止增生。它不受机体生理调节,而是破坏正常组织与器官。,Introduction:,Inflammatory,Degenerative&NeoplasticGrowth Inc
2、rease in size due to synthesis of tissue components.Proliferatation-Cell division.Differentiation:functional and structural maturity of cells.Tumor Swelling/new growth/mass,Controls of Growth:,Cytokines:Cyclins,Cyclin dependent kinases(CDK).Growth factors PDGF,FGFGrowth Inhibitors.Cancer suppressor
3、genes p53Oncogenes c-onc,p-onc,v-onc etc.,Non-Neoplastic Proliferation:,*Controlled&ReversibleHypertrophy 肥大 SizeHyperplasia 增生 NumberMetaplasia 化生 ChangeDysplasia 异常增生 Disordered,Neoplasia:,Progressive,Purposeless,Pathologic,Proliferation of cells characterized by loss of control over cell division
4、.DNA damage at growth control genes is central to development of neoplasm.Carcinogens Chemical,physical&genetic DNA damage Neoplasm.,Pathogenesis of Neoplasia:,Normal Hyperplasia Metaplasia化生(DNA damage)Dysplasia 异常增生(DNA damage)(DNA damage)Anaplasia 间变(DNA damage)Infiltration 浸润(DNA damage)Metastas
5、is转移.Progressive DNA Damage features of neoplasia.,Pathogenesis of Neoplasia:,Non lethal DNA Damage leading to uncontrolled cell division.,病理,恶性肿瘤的发生发展过程一般致癌因素作用3040年,经10年左右的癌前阶段恶变为原位癌。原位癌历时35年,在促癌因素作用下发展成浸润癌。浸润癌的病程一般1年左右。,2.肿瘤细胞的分化分为高分化、中分化、低(未)分化。组织化学的变化:(1)核酸增多(2)酶的改变(3)糖原减少,3.生长方式:4.生长速度:良性肿瘤:外生
6、性生长 良性肿瘤生长慢恶性肿瘤:浸润性生长 恶性肿瘤生长快,Non-Neoplastic Neoplastic(Polyclonal)(Monoclonal),Normal Adaptation Benign Malignant,Mechanism of Neoplams,Structure of Neoplasm:,Neoplastic cells parenchyma.Non-neoplastic-stroma(Connective tissue&BV)Fast growth less stroma Less stroma more necrosis,Biology of Neoplasm
7、:,Cell of originRate of growthDifferentiationLocal InvasionMetastasis,Lung cancerGrade-low,highWell,Mod,P,Un.StagingStaging,Lung cancer:Squamus cell carcinoma.Poorly differentiated,high grade,stage 4,Liver+,Benign Malignant:,Slow growing,capsulated,Non-invasive do not metastasize,well differentiated
8、,suffix“oma”eg.Fibroma.,Fast growing,non capsulated,Invasive&Infiltrate Metastasize.poorly differentiated,Suffix“Carcinoma”or“Sarcoma”,Better Understanding of Cancer,1.Cancer Cancer cells,Cancer Research Cancer cell research,Cancer a tissue:Cancer cells Stromal cells Vascular cells(endothelia,pericy
9、tes smooth muscle cells fibroblasts)Lymphatic vessel cells Immune cells,2.Do Cancer Stem Cells Exist in Caner?,cancer cell heterogeneity,1.genetic 2.phenotypic,differentin,MorphologyGrowth behaviorMetastasis potentialChemo/radio resistanceOther phenotypes,Do Cancer stem cells exist among cancer cell
10、 population?,Cancer cells,Cancer stem cells:(10-2 to 10-4)Persistent proliferation Renewal Metastatic potentialPartial differentiated cancer cells Limited number of proliferation Differential extent of differentiation Bulk of cancer cells,If the hypothesis is true Kill the cancer stem cells Abolish
11、the whole tumorDifficult Problems:How to identify?How to kill?(Cancer stem cells normal stem cells),?,Cancer stem cells reported:Breast cancer(human)Glioma(human)Lung cancer(animal)Gastric cancer(animal),Characteristics of reported“cancer stem cells”,May be early event quiescent,3.Metastasis:,Early
12、or late event?Dissemination Metastasis.Dissemination:Migration of cancer cells to distant places:,Micro-satellite Lymph node Blood:bone marrow,other organs,4.Metastasis:Disseminated cancers cells grow up to cancer tissues.,Dissemination:“stem cell like property”Mechanism of metastasis,Cancer cell pr
13、ogression:mutation,aneuploidyHost neural,endocrine,Immune,4.Cancer is a systems disease,Evidence:,A large Scale cDNA Transfection Screening of Genes Related to Cancer Development and Progression,PNAS November 2,2004 vol.101:15724-15729,分类,根据肿瘤的生物学行为主要分为:良性:称为“瘤”恶性:来源于上皮组织称为“癌”来源于间叶组织称为“肉瘤”胚胎性肿瘤称为“母细
14、胞瘤”某些恶性肿瘤沿用传统名称:恶性淋巴瘤,精原细胞瘤,白血病,霍奇金氏病,1.各种肿瘤根据其组织及器官来源而冠以不同名称。2.相同组织器官可发生不同细胞形态肿瘤。3.同一细胞类型,由于细胞分化程度不同,又分为高分化、中分化、低(未)分化。,Nomenclature:Cell of origin+Suffix,Suffix-omaFibroma OsteomaAdenomaPapilloma Chondroma,Carcinoma/SarcomaFibrosarcomaOsteosarcomaAdenocarcinomaSquamous cell carcinomaChondrosarcoma
15、,Exceptions:Leukemia,Lymphoma,Glioma,Bilateral Cystadenoma Ovary:,Lipoma Intestine:,meningioma,Lung carcinoma,Hepatic Adenoma:,Carcinoma Breast:,Carcinoma Lung:,Osteo-sarcoma:,Colon Polyp:,Hepatic Adenoma:,Normal Adenoma,Anaplasia in Sarcoma:,Anaplasia:,Hepatic Adenocarcinoma:,Hepatic Adenocarcinoma
16、:,Liver Metastasis:,分 级,Staging of Tumor,Grading Cellular Differentiation(Microscopic),Grading&Staging of Tumor,分 期,Staging of tumor,Staging Progression or Spread(clinical),TNM:Staging of tumor:,Pathways of Spread:,Direct SpreadBody cavitiesBlood vesselsLymphatic vesselsLungs Systemic Venous bloodLi
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