《世界粮食安全》PPT课件.ppt
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1、第五讲 世界粮食安全问题 厉为民 中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所 2009 年 11 月 18 日,2,世界粮食安全问题2009 年世界发生了什么?世界粮食安全是不是出了大问题?,3,World Summit on Food Security 2009 年11月 为何召开世界粮食安全 首脑会议?,4,世界粮食安全问题,16-18 November 2009,5,World Summit on Food Security,世界粮食安全首脑会议,6,World Summit on Food Security全球粮食不安全形势恶化,对人类构成严重威胁发展中国家粮食价格居高不下,几年来受饥饿影响的
2、人口持续增加,7,World Summit on Food Security全球经济危机对就业产生影响,使贫困加剧,形势不断恶化粮农组织估计:2009 年饥饿人口可能又要增加一亿,超越10 亿大关,8,World Summit on Food Security一个肯尼亚小男孩正在捡拾从联合国粮农组织的卡车上掉下来的粮食,9,World Summit on Food Security在乍得的一个难民营,一名脸上爬满苍蝇的苏丹小男孩在哭泣,10,World Summit on Food Security 巴基斯坦难民在当地清真寺 争夺免费的食物.,11,World Summit on Food S
3、ecurity,FAO 估计:2009 年饥饿人口可能增加一亿,超越10 亿大关,12,World Summit on Food Security,13,World Summit on Food Security粮农组织总干事 雅克 迪乌夫:无声的饥饿危机正在对全人类六分之一人口产生影响,给世界平和与安全带来了严重危险我们迫切需要就彻底、迅速根除世界饥饿达成广泛共识。,14,World Summit on Food SecuritySummit declaration vows better governance,increased investment and proactive clima
4、te change strategy,15,World Summit on Food Security,World leaders convened at FAO Headquarters for the World Summit on Food Security today unanimously adopted a declaration pledging renewed commitment to eradicate hunger from the face of the earth sustainably and at the earliest date.,16,World Summi
5、t on Food Security,Countries also agreed to work to reverse the decline in domestic and international funding for agriculture and promote new investment in the sector,to improve governance of global food issues in partnership with relevant stakeholders from the public and private sector,and to proac
6、tively face the challenges of climate change to food security.,17,World Summit on Food Security,In his address to the Summit,UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon called the current food crisis a wake-up call for tomorrow.There can be no food security without climate security,Ban said.,18,World Summit on
7、 Food Security,If the glaciers of the Himalaya melt,it will affect the livelihoods and survival of three hundred million people in China and up to a billion people throughout Asia,he said.,19,World Summit on Food Security,Africas small farmers,who produce most of the continents food and depend mostl
8、y on rain,could see harvests drop by 50 per cent by 2020.We must make significant changes to feed ourselves and,most especially,to safeguard the poorest and most vulnerable.,20,World Summit on Food Security,“Tragic achievement”Calling the over one billion hungry people in the world our tragic achiev
9、ement in these modern days,FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf stressed the need to produce food where the poor and hungry live and to boost agricultural investment in these regions.,21,World Summit on Food Security,In some developed countries,two to four percent of the population are able to produce
10、 enough food to feed the entire nation and even to export,while in the majority of developing countries,60 to 80 percent of the population are not able to meet country food needs,Diouf said.,22,World Summit on Food Security,The planet can feed itself,provided that the decisions made are honoured and
11、 the required resources are effectively mobilized,he said,calling for an increase in official development assistance to agriculture,a greater share of developing country budgets devoted to agriculture and incentives to encourage private investment.,23,World Summit on Food Security,Eliminating hunger
12、 from the face of Earth requires US$44 billion of official development assistance per year to be invested in infrastructure,technology and modern inputs.It is a small amount if we consider the$365 billion of agriculture producer support in OECD countries in 2007,and if we consider the$1,340 billion
13、of military expenditures by the world in the same year,Diouf said.,24,World Summit on Food Security,Over the past five years,several countries in Africa,Latin America and Asia have succeeded to substantially reduce the number of hungry people in their territories,Diouf said.This means that we know w
14、hat should be done and how it can be done to defeat hunger.,25,World Summit on Food Security,Diouf also underlined the fact that food security goes beyond production.We need protection against pests and diseases of plants and animals which often directly affect human health.We have likewise to face
15、emergency situations resulting from natural disasters and to conserve the national resource base of food production to ensure sustainability.,26,World Summit on Food Security,“Hunger is the most cruel and concrete sign of poverty,”said His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI.“Opulence and waste are no longer
16、 acceptable when the tragedy of hunger is assuming ever greater proportions.”,27,世界的粮食安全问题粮食安全的关键问题主要国家的粮食安全政策警惕西方的阴谋问题和出路从中得到的启示,28,粮食安全问题研究粮食安全的历史,29,粮食安全问题世界对“粮食安全”的重视始于 20 世纪 70 年代。主要就 50 年代遗留的饥饿-缺粮问题总结了教训,就小麦、大米、玉米三大作物的最低储备水平进行研究,30,粮食安全问题研究在设置了五个前提条件,得出了一些被后来广泛认可的结论:全世界谷物的周转储备量应达到消费量的 1213%,谷物
17、的后备储备量应达到 56%,31,粮食安全问题两项合计,全世界谷物的储备量的最低安全水平为世界总消费量的 1718%。这可以使世界一年的消费量得到维持的概率达到 95%,32,粮食安全问题这个经验数字经过了几十年的检验,得到了广泛的认同 世界谷物结转储备率只要高于19%,国际市场上谷物价格就明显下跌;一旦低于 15%,价格就会大幅度上涨,33,粮食安全问题Food securitySecurit dAlimentation“粮食安全”指的是什么?,34,粮食安全问题,“世界粮食安全”指的是什么?World food security is a common responsibility of
18、all nations,and to cooperate with each other to ensure the availability at all times of adequate world supplies of basic foodstuffs,primarily cereals,so as to prevent acute food shortages in the event of widespread crop failures or national disasters(FAO),35,粮食安全问题,国际社会对“世界粮食安全”的论述The world has ampl
19、e food.The growth of global food production has been faster than the unprecedented population growth(World Bank),36,粮食安全问题,国际社会对“世界粮食安全”的论述Yet many poor countries and hundreds of millions of poor people do not share this abundance.They suffer from a lack of food security,caused mainly by a lack of p
20、urchasing power.(World Bank),37,粮食安全问题,国际社会对“世界粮食安全”的论述The lack of food security is a lack of purchasing power of people and nations.Thus,there is a strong convergence between the objectives of alleviating poverty and increasing food security.(World Bank),38,粮食安全问题,国际社会对“世界粮食安全”的论述Food security in t
21、he long run is a matter of achieving economic growth and alleviating poverty.In the short run it is a matter of redistributing purchasing power and resources toward those who are undernourished.(World Bank),39,粮食安全问题,国际社会对“世界粮食安全”的论述Transitory food security can best be reduced through measures that
22、facilitate trade and provide income relief to afflicted people.(World Bank),40,粮食安全问题,国际社会对“世界粮食安全”的论述Food security does not necessarily result from achieving food self-sufficiency in a country or from a rapid increase in food production(World Bank),41,粮食安全问题,国际社会对“世界粮食安全”的论述 By choosing redistribut
23、ive policies on the basis of cost-effectiveness,governments can do much to improve the food security of the people.(World Bank),42,粮食安全问题“粮食安全”国际公认的定义确保生产足够数量的食品最大限度地稳定食品供应确保所有需要食品的人们都能够获得食品,43,粮食安全问题“粮食安全”国际公认的定义粮食安全即所有人在任何时候都能获得充足、安全和富有营养的食物,满足其积极、健康生活的膳食需要和食物喜爱。,44,世界粮食安全罗马宣言我们,各国国家元首和政府首脑或我们的代表,
24、应在联合国粮食及农业组织的邀请,汇集于世界粮食首脑会议,按照获得充足食物的权利和人人享有免于饥饿的基本权利,重申人人有权获得安全而富有营养的粮食。1996 年11月13-17日我们强调现在采取行动的紧迫性,以便履行我们对当代和子孙后代实现粮食安全的责任。实现粮食安全是一项复杂的任务,其主要责任在于各国政府。各国政府必须创造有利的环境,制定政策,确保和平与社会、政治、经济稳定和公平以及男女平等。持续存在如此规模的饥饿现象是对国家社会的威胁,并通过各种途径对国际社会本身的稳定构成威胁,我们对此深表关切。在全球范围内,各国政府还应在相互之间并与联合国各组织、各金融机构、政府间和非政府组织、公共和私营
25、部门积极合作,实施旨在实现人人享有粮食安全的计划。粮食不应作为一种施加政治和经济压力的手段。我们重申国际合作和声援的重要性,必须制止违反国际法和联合国宪章并危害粮食安全的单方面措施。我们认识到,实现粮食安全需要采取有利于在人力资源开发、科研和基础设施方面进行投资的政策。我们必须鼓励创造就业和收入,并促进公平获得生产资源和财政资源。我们一致认为,贸易是实现粮食安全的一个关键因素。我们同意执行粮食贸易和总的贸易政策,鼓励生产者和消费者以经济上合理和可持续的方式利用现有资源。我们认识到高潜力地区和低潜力地区的可持续农业、渔业、林业和乡村发展对粮食安全的重要性。我们承认农民、渔民、林农、土著人民及其社
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