《专业英语基础》PPT课件.ppt
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1、2023/7/30,1,Specialized English专业英语,黄高勇Email:,2023/7/30,2,为什么要进行专业英语的学习,专业课程学习,2023/7/30,3,课程纲要,目的:读掌握电子、通信、铁道信号等方面的英语专业词汇;掌握科技英语句式特点;正确理解全文,2023/7/30,4,课程纲要,目的:写英语科技论文写作技巧 Skills of Scientific English writing了解英语科技论文的构成掌握技术文献翻译的基本技巧能将标题、摘要和正文翻译为英文,2023/7/30,5,课程纲要,授课方式:课上讲授+课后翻译练习课程要求:旷课超过学期三分之一以上者
2、,予以扣考。评分标准:期末翻译大作业(一篇5页以上的英文paper)60平時成绩 40%(课堂讨论20%+作业 10%+点名 10%),2023/7/30,6,第一章 专业英语基础,2023/7/30,7,Differences between specialized and general English Different purposesFor specialized purposeto obtain the most recent informationto publish the research results either by writing a paper or giving
3、 an oral presentation Different learning methodsread as many English references as possibleattend as much seminar as possibletry to compose research papers/reports in EnglishDifferent contentsSpecial vocabularies(词汇)and terms(术语),1.1 引言(Preface),2023/7/30,8,1.2 专业英语的语法特点,专业英语的语法特点首先包含科技英语的语法特点。与日常英语
4、、文学英语相比有许多独特之处,除了有其技术内容所决定而包含的一些数据、公式、符号、图标和程序外,在语法、修辞、词汇和文献载体等方面也有其自身的特点。具有客观性及无人称性(Objectivity and Impersonality),2023/7/30,9,一、客观(Objectivity),因为要求客观,所以常用以下时态:现在时(present tense)过去时(past tense)完成时(perfect tense)。在语态上,多用被动语态。有人统计专业英语中被动语态(passive voice)的句子要占1/31/2。即使用主动语态,也常常是非动物主语(inanimate subjec
5、t)。示例如下,2023/7/30,10,【例1】It was started in 1969,when the U.S.Department of Defense established a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors.【例2】Routing(路由)algorithms are also designed to be as simple as possible.【例3】Switched Ethernet has been developed in order to overco
6、me the bandwidth limitations of shared buses in LANs.【例4】It is well known that interferences between the traction(牵引)and signaling current on the track circuits(TC)are possible because of the harmonic(谐波)currents that are injected(注入)in the line and on the rails(铁轨)by the motor drive equipment(电动机驱动
7、设备).a handful of:少量的contractors:签约人,订阅人,承包者,立契约者tract circuit:轨道电路current:电流,一、客观(Objectivity),2023/7/30,11,一、客观(Objectivity),使用被动语态原因:一方面是由于被动语态句子比主动语态更短更简明另一方面是因为它允许将最重要的信息放在句首,使之一下就抓住读者的注意力。更重要的是,科技人员通常更关心的是事实和行为,而不是行为者。以例2为例,人们不关心谁来发明路由算法。作者、读者、还是所有科技人员,这些都无关紧要,采用被动语态就可避免这种不必要的考证或混乱。正是由于这些原因,被动语
8、态广泛地应用于表述规则、原理、过程、技术报告和说明书等等。,2023/7/30,12,一、客观(Objectivity),就时态而言,因为专业科技文献所涉及的内容(如科学定义、定理、方程式或公式、图表等)一般并没有特定的时间关系,所以在专业文献中大部分都使用一般现在时。至于一般过去时、一般完成时也在专业英语中经常出现,如科技报告、科技新闻、科技史料等。其他时态,如过去将来时、完成进行时等,在专业英语中很少出现。,2023/7/30,13,二、精炼(Conciseness),用尽可能少的单词来清晰地表达意原。常使用非限定动词、名词化单词或词组及其他简化形式。(一)动名词的运用动名词短语可用来取代
9、时间从句或简化时间陈述句例如:通常的表达式为:(1)Before it is amplified,the signal should be detected.(2)When we remove the impurities(杂质),the water can be passed back to the boiler(锅炉).(3)Switch off the main supply(电源).Remove the fuse(保险丝).,2023/7/30,14,二、精炼(Conciseness),相应的精炼表达形式为:(1)Before being amplified,the signal sh
10、ould be detected.(2)On removing the impurities,the water can be passed back to the boiler.(3)Before removing the fuse,Switch off the main supply.又例如:1.Many different schemes for performing these three functions(sampling,quantizing and coding)have evolved during recent years.(gerund-动名词)2.Consequentl
11、y(因此,所以)there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environment by choosing digital transmission.(gerund)evolve:演化,逐渐形成overcome:克服,perform:执行,2023/7/30,15,二、精炼(Conciseness),(二)分词的运用过去分词短语可以取代被动语态关系从句,现在分词可以取代主动态关系从句。例如:通常的表达形式为:(1)In Britain electrical energy which is generated in power stat
12、ion is fed to the national Grid.(feed:馈送,流入)(2)As was mentioned(3)The plane which is flying at(4),Invert:转化、使反向,2023/7/30,16,二、精炼(Conciseness),(1)In Britain electrical energy generated in power station is fed to the national Grid.(2)As mentioned above(3)The plane flying at(4)又例如:The signal received
13、from a satellite,located in far outer space,is very weak.(past participle过去分词),2023/7/30,17,二、精炼(Conciseness),【注】现在分词和动名词区别现在分词是指在进行时中的动词+ing,动名词主要指在句中作名词性成分(如主语,宾语,表语等)的动词+ing形式.例如:现在分词:Ive been doing this work for many days.我做这项工作很多天了.动名词:My work is doing this.(表语)我的工作是做这个.Answering this question
14、is my pleasure.(主语)回答这个问题是我的荣幸.二者形式相同,使用范围不同,现在一般统称为ING分词,2023/7/30,18,二、精炼(Conciseness),(三)不定式的运用不定式短语常用以替换表示目的,功能的从句。例如:通常的表达形式为:(1)We keep micrometers(千分尺)in boxes.Our object in doing this is to protect them from rust(锈)and dust(灰尘).(2)What does a fuse(保险丝)do?It protects a circuit.相应的精练表示形式为:(1)W
15、e keep micrometers in boxes to protect them from rust and dust.(2)The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,2023/7/30,19,二、精炼(Conciseness),(四)其他简化形式通常的表达形式为:(1)It is necessary to examine whether the new design is efficient(有效的).(2)It is doubtful how accurate the results are.(3)If it is possibl
16、e,(4)As mentioned before,精练的表示为:(1)It is necessary to examine the efficiency of the new design.(2)The accuracy of the results is doubtful.(3)If possible,(4)As before,2023/7/30,20,三、准确(Accuracy),专业英语中准确性主要表现为两点:用词准确(下一节讨论)语法结构上:使用长句子long sentences-exceedingly informativeconditional sentences-accurate
17、 description例如:A very brief conceptual introduction to time sharing is not an easy task because the term has already become so generalized that it has a variety of meanings to scores of(很多)interesting groups and wide ranges of intelligence levels in such groups.【译】要对分时的概念作一个简明的介绍不是件容易的事情,因为这个术语已经变得非
18、常笼统,以致对于很多的专业团体以及这些团体里智力水平高低不一的人来说,它具有各种各样意义。Term:术语,学期,项,辞,期,v.把称为 in terms of 按照,就而言,状语从句详见备注页,2023/7/30,21,四、专业英语的语法其他特点,1“无生命主语及物动词宾语(宾语补足语)”例如:Chapter 6 provides a basic introduction to the ideas of sequences,series and limits.译文:第六章介绍了序列、级数和极限的基本概念。2常用it作为形式主语或宾语例如:1)It has been proved that in
19、duced voltage(感应电动势)causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.2)The invention of radio has made it possible for mankind to communicate with each other over a long distance.cause:使,造成,2023/7/30,22,四、专业英语的语法其他特点,3尽量用紧缩型状语从句而不用完整句例如:While designed primarily for use by engineering
20、 students,it is believed that the book is also highly suitable for students of the physical sciences and applied mathematics.4割裂修饰比较普遍(包括短语或从句被分隔)例如:It is hoped that this provision(准备),together with the large number of worked examples(实例)and style of presentation(图表),also makes the book suitable for
21、 directed study.,2023/7/30,23,四、专业英语的语法其他特点,5较多使用祈使语气例如:Let the forward-pass transfer function be given by the linear difference equation.【译文】利用线性差分方程可以得到前向通道传递函数。6句中并列成分(各种并列短语、单词或从句)较多例如:Radar has certain inherent advantages over detection systems employing light waves:1)has greater range,2)it is
22、usable in any weather and in day or night,and 3)the electronic circuitry(电子电路)and components for transmitting,receiving,amplifying,detecting and measuring.have advantage over:比有优势detection:检测,2023/7/30,24,1.3 专业英语的词汇特点,词汇是语言发展的产物。语言在发展过程中,旧的词不断被抛弃,新的词不断在产生。随着科学技术的发展,新术语、新概念、新理论和新产品不断出现。不但新词(如词组)大量涌现
23、,许多日常用语也不断增加新的科技含义,如Balise(信标,浮标,航标;测量标志,应答器)。在专业英语中,缩略语的增加尤为迅速,各类技术词汇也随着专业的细分、学科的渗透而日益增多。(ARS,Automatic Route Setting 自动排列进路)(ATP,Automatic Train Protection 自动列车防护)(CIR,Cab Integrated Radio 机车综合通信无线设备)(CTC,Centralized Traffic Control 调度集中系统)(DMI,Driver Machine Interface 人机界面),2023/7/30,25,一、词汇构成,(一
24、)技术词汇(technical words)这类词的意义狭窄、单一,一般只使用在各自的专业范围内,因而专业性很强。这类词一般较长并且越长词义越狭窄,出现的频率也不高。例如:例如:bandwidth(带宽)superconductivity(超导性)hexadecimal(十六进制),2023/7/30,26,一、词汇构成,(二)次技术词汇(sub-technical words)次技术词是指不受上下文限制的各专业中出现频率都很高的词。这类词往往在不同的专业中具有不同的含义。例如:work,load,plant,field,reaction,energy,power,force,conducto
25、r,solution,revolution,operation,register,efficiency,system其中,reaction在日常生活中表示某人对某件事的反应,在化学中表示两种物质分子间的化学反应,在核物理中表示原子核的链式反应,在土木工程中又可表示反作用力等等;conductor在日常生活中可表示售票员和乐队指挥,在电学中却表示导体;register在计算机中表示寄存器,在电学中表示记数器、记录器,在乐器中表示音区,而在日常生活中则表示登记簿、名册、挂号信等。,2023/7/30,27,一、词汇构成,(三)特用词(big words)在专业英语中,表达同样的意义时,为了准确、正
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