marineeutrophicationandredtide-蔡明刚.ppt
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1、MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY,Cai-Minggang,Contents,Introduction Part One Mechanisms in marine pollution Part two Topics in marine pollutionPart three Measurement of biological response toxicity and water quality assessments,Part two Topics in marine pollution,Chap.2 Marine oxygen-demanded organic
2、pollution Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tideChap.4 Oil pollution of the seaChap.5 Marine synthetic organic pollution Chap.6 Heavy metal contamination in the sea Chap.7 Marine radioactivity pollutionChap.8 Marine heat pollutionChap.9 Other topics of marine polltion,Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide,
3、3.1 What is Eutrophication?(definition)3.2 Why Should We Be Concerned?(harmful effect)3.3 The nutrient in the coastal seawater3.4 Eutrophication in the coastal seawater 3.5 Red tide,What is Eutrophication?,Eutrophication is a condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimu
4、late blooms of algae(e.g.,phytoplankton).-EPA,The other definition,the enrichment of water by nutrients especially compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus,causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms and the qual
5、ity of the water concerned.“by the European Commission,Why Should We Be Concerned?,Although eutrophication is a natural process in the aging of lakes and some estuaries,human activities can greatly accelerate eutrophication by increasing the rate at which nutrients and organic substances enter aquat
6、ic ecosystems from their surrounding watersheds.,Agricultural runoff,urban runoff,leaking septic systems,sewage discharges,eroded streambanks,and similar sources can increase the flow of nutrients and organic substances into aquatic systems.These substances can overstimulate the growth of algae,crea
7、ting conditions that interfere with the recreational use of lakes and estuaries,and the health and diversity of indigenous fish,plant,and animal populations.,Pollution From Agricultural Runoff,Eutrophication,BOD and Eutrophication-rapid succession in a body of water because of an increase in biologi
8、cal productivity.(Oligotrophic lakes and rivers have clear water and low biological productivity).,Algal blooms hurt the system in two ways.First,they cloud the water and block sunlight,causing underwater grasses to die.Because these grasses provide food and shelter for aquatic creatures,spawning an
9、d nursery habitat is destroyed and waterfowl have less to eat when grasses die off.,Second,when the algae die and decompose,oxygen is used up.Dissolved oxygen in the water is essential to most organisms living in the water,such as fish and crabs.Increased eutrophication from nutrient enrichment due
10、to human activities is one of the leading problems facing some estuaries in the mid-Atlantic,The idea of eutrophication began with limnologists.Early in the 20th century,northern European limnologists distinguished oligotrophic from eutrophic lakes.The former were nutrient-poor,the latter,nutrient-r
11、ich.,Origin of the concept of eutrophication in fresh waters,The UK defines 10 mg chl m-3 as a Environmental Quality Standard(EQS)for coastal waters.If chlorophyll frequently exceeds this level in summer,a water body should be labelled eutrophic.This label is objective and does not necessarily imply
12、 that undesirable disturbances will result.Some coastal seas are naturally eutrophic-for example,those in upwelling regions.,Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide,3.1 What is Eutrophication?(definition)3.2 Why Should We Be Concerned?(harmful effect)3.3 The nutrient in the coastal seawater3.4 Eutrophica
13、tion in the coastal seawater 3.5 Red tide,3.3 The nutrient in the coastal seawater,Sourcesnitrogen in the seawaterphosphate in the seawater,海洋中营养物质的来源,海洋中浮游植物所需的营养成分有很多,主要有氮()、磷()、硅()、有机物、微量元素及各类维生素。由于、有机物、微量元素及各类维生素等在海水中的量都相对比较大,一般不会成为浮游植物生长的限制因素。海洋中硝酸盐和磷酸盐是海洋浮游植物生长、发育各阶段所必需,因此,、是影响浮游植物生长的主要限制因素。,天
14、然情况:海水中磷酸盐和氮化物含量非常小,受生物活动的影响非常明显,在海洋营养盐分布存在时间和空间的变化。人为来源:来自工废水、生活污水和农业污水大量入海;农业上肥料成分流失;来自在大气的氮、磷负荷。,海洋中营养物质的来源,二、海洋中的氮,海洋中溶解有机氮的降解:水和沉积物中有机污染物和生物碎屑通过氧化,分解及微生物作用而释放出生物可利用的营养盐。不同氧化还原条件下的有机氮降解方程式,有 氧:(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4138O2106CO2+122H2O+16HNO3+H3PO4 缺 氧:脱氧菌(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO484.8HNO3106CO2+42.4N2+
15、148.4H2O+6NH3+H3PO4 缺 氧(NO3-、NO2-已耗尽):还原菌(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 53SO42-106CO2+53H2S+106H2O+H3PO4,不同氧化还原条件下的有机氮降解方程式,海洋中的磷主要可分为颗粒态的磷和溶解态的磷,又可分为无机态磷和有机态磷、海水中可溶性无机磷酸盐有:HPO43-、H2PO43-、PO43-形式存在,其中可能以HPO42-形式为主。水体中可溶解的磷有限,因为这很容易与Cd2+、Fe3+、Al3+等生成难溶性沉淀物沉积于底质中。海水中磷和氮一起参与光合作用,合成有机物,生物体死亡分解,生物活体排泄,以及沉积物与海水的物质
16、交换,构成磷在海洋中的循环。,海洋中的磷,3.4 Eutrophication,The definition of EutrophicationThe effect of EutrophicationEnvironmental Quality Standard(EQS)of Eutrophication,富营养化,海水中磷、氮、磷、氧的比值基本上与藻类组成相近,即PNO(原子比)=116106276;PNC(质量比)=17.241。但是,过量的氮、磷营养物质的存在,使得海水过渡的“肥沃”引起藻类大量繁殖,这样的现象称为富营养化。,B.The effect of Eutrophication,P
17、ositive effect Negative effect,Positive effect,适度的富营养化对于当地水产养殖和渔业生产是有益的。对全球气候变化的贡献。,适度的富营养化对于当地水产养殖和渔业生产是有益的。,由于海水“营养度”的增加,海域的浮游植物初级生产率增加从而导致次级生产率的增加。因此,从一定意义上来讲适度的富营养化是有益的,尤其是对当地的水产养殖和渔业生产。如在某些河口区和上升流区存在大渔场便是很好的例子。但是这种情况往往只限于某些由自然过程而引起的富营养化海区。因为由人为因素引起的富营养化往往很难“富”至“恰到好处”,一旦引起水体的过份富营养化就会产生负面结果。,对全球气
18、候变化的贡献,等(1985)认为水体富营养化有助于海水中有机物向底质转移,从而加速海水作为大气中储存库的过程,从这一点上来说对地球气候进一步变暖还有一定的缓解作用。另外,某些能生产二四基硫化物()的藻类的大量繁殖能使大气中硫酸盐含量增高,从而使大气中的云凝核增加,云的增加及云的的反照率增加,会导致气温下降。,对浮游生物的影响对底栖生物的影响对整个生态系统结构和生物分布的影响其它影响,negative effect,对浮游生物的影响,富营养化的海水再加上合适的温度和光照等,浮游植物便会大量繁殖(尤其是鞭毛藻类),相应地以这些浮游植物为生的浮游动物的生产量也会大量增加(尤其是桡足类甲壳动物)。但是
19、水体中藻类的大量繁殖也降低了水体的透明度,从而限制了生活在较深水域的褐藻和红藻的繁殖。虽然这时也有有机物的垂直对流,但由于水体分层,这种对流量是很小的,因此,水体中的有机物就大量堆积,而无机营养物质则随着时间的推移而逐渐减少。这种趋势一直要到某种营养物的枯竭才停止,这种营养物通常为或。接着而来的是藻类的大量死亡和水体中有机物大量向底层转移。,对底栖生物的影响,通常,底栖动物能很快地吃掉上层水中沉降下来的有机物,而不至于导致多余有机物的细菌分解,从而使底层水处于厌氧状态。但是如果上层水体过份“肥沃”,藻类大量繁殖,情况就不同了。除了多余的有机物在分解时消耗氧气以外,底栖动物的大量繁殖也要消耗大量
20、的氧气。在一些垂直对流差及水交换不良的海区,氧消耗量就有可能超过供应量,从而使底层水体处于厌氧环境。这时一些厌氧细菌通过消耗硫酸盐和硝酸盐来进行新陈代谢。其结果是水体中出现象、之类的有毒气体,最后必定引起底栖生物的大量死亡。这又给厌氧细菌提供了大量的高质量的“食物”使其繁殖更迅速,从而形成恶性循环。海域的第一次厌氧环境对底栖大型生物的破坏尤为严重,它可以使经过多年才建立起来的底栖生物群落毁于一旦。,对整个生态系统结构和生物分布的影响,由于水体富营养化,在改变浮游植物结构的同时,也改变了整个生态平衡。如在水体富营养化以前通常是硅藻占支配地位,这时鲑鱼等高等鱼种的生产量较高。而在水体富营养化之后,
21、水体中的浮游植物便以鞭毛藻类为主,食植动物增加,食肉动物减少,高级鱼种开始减少,低级的普通鱼种增加,这对当地的渔业生产显然是非常不利的。在浮游植物(或动物)数量增加的同时,它们的种群数量减少(由于海域富营养化,生存环境变得越来越只适应于少数种类的生长),生物多样性变少,破坏了原先的生态平衡。,其它影响,富营养化还有可能改变海域的沉积模式(大量死亡的浮游植物在沉降过程中同时也吸附了大量的悬浮物一同沉到海底)。由水体富营养化引起的有毒藻类的大量繁殖还会造成贝类等海洋生物的中毒,间接地也会影响人类的身体健康。除此之外,海水富营养化引起的浮游植物大量繁殖,还会对沿岸旅游业造成不利影响(生活在表层的大量
22、藻类很容易被带到海岸边和沙滩上,大大影响了海滨的景观),对工业用水造成影响(大量的藻类堵塞工业冷却水管道),及加速河口、海湾、泻湖的填埋(死亡)。,C.Environmental Quality Standard(EQS)of Eutrophication,singal chemical indexIntegrated index,水体中氮、磷含量与富营养养化程度的关系,表 海域营养状况的划分,上述结果看出,磷的限制浓度低于氮,说明富营养化作用中磷是限制因子。虽然磷是限制因子,但不能忽视高浓度氮的作用。研究一般认为氮为0.20.3ppm,磷0.010.02ppm为富营养标准。此外,富营养化还与
23、水体氮、磷负荷及其比例有关。,The UK defines 10 mg chl m-3 as a Environmental Quality Standard(EQS)for coastal waters.If chlorophyll frequently exceeds this level in summer,a water body should be labelled eutrophic.This label is objective and does not necessarily imply that undesirable disturbances will result.Som
24、e coastal seas are naturally eutrophic-for example,those in upwelling regions.,C.Environmental Quality Standard(EQS)of Eutrophication,1.Eutrophication index(E):E=CODDINDRP 106/1500E1:Eutrophication 2.Nutrient Qquality Index(NQI):NQI=CCOD/CCOD+CTN/CTN+CTP/CTP+CChla/CChla,营养质量指数法评价,营养质量指数式:NQI=Ai=Ci/C
25、isNQI:营养质量指数;Ai:单项营养质量指数;Ci:指标监测的平均值(mg/l);Cis:指标评价标准(mg/l)。评价指标:COD、DIN、DRP和Chla。,表3 营养水平分级,厦门同安湾海域营养状态评价,1.研究区域概述2.样品的采集和分析3.结果与讨论4.结语,案例分析,1.研究区域概述,地理特征功能用途主要环境问题,1.研究区域概述,同安湾海域位于厦门岛的东北部,海湾海域面积约为91km2,为半封闭海湾,西部和北部水浅,多为滩涂,南部及东部湾口水域较深。同安湾海域主要以水产养殖和盐业为主,水产养殖面积40 km2,是厦门重要养殖区。由于海堤的建设和滩涂的围垦,减少了纳潮量,降低了
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