《胰腺外伤诊治》PPT课件.ppt
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1、胰腺外伤的诊治体会,概论,胰腺和十二指肠损伤约占所有创伤性腹部损伤的3%-5%;闭合性胰外伤在腹部外伤中占比 1%5%,开放性腹部外伤占比 12%;早期症状和体征隐匿,各种辅助检查缺乏特异性;漏诊率、误诊率高。,Asensio JA,Feliciano DV,Britt LD,Kerstein MD.Management of duodenal injuries.Curr Probl Surg 1993;30:1023,.,损伤机制,在十二指肠和胰腺的钝挫伤中,约75%-85%是由机动车碰撞导致的;其余的十二指肠和胰腺钝性损伤是因坠落和打击引起的;另外,刀刺伤、枪击伤等亦是导致胰腺损伤的常见原
2、因。,Asensio JA,Feliciano DV,Britt LD,Kerstein MD.Management of duodenal injuries.Curr Probl Surg 1993;30:1023Asensio JA,Demetriades D,Hanpeter DE,et al.Management of pancreatic injuries.Curr Probl Surg 1999;36:325.Ilahi O,Bochicchio GV,Scalea TM.Efficacy of computed tomography in the diagnosis of pan
3、creatic injury in adult blunt trauma patients:a single-institutional study.Am Surg 2002;68:704.,损伤分级,目前使用最广的创伤分级系统是由美国创伤外科协会(American Association for the Surgery of Trauma,AAST)制定的。虽然对损伤的处理并不完全与分级有关,但损伤分级可提供一种就损伤的严重程度进行沟通的实用方法。,Moore EE,Cogbill TH,Malangoni MA,Jurkovich GJ,Champion HR,Gennarelli TA,
4、McAninch JW,Pachter HL,Shackford SR,Trafton PG.Organ injury scaling,II:Pancreas,duodenum,small bowel,colon,and rectum.J Trauma 1990;30:1427-1429 PMID:2231822,AAST胰腺损伤分级:级:轻微挫伤不伴胰管损伤,或浅表撕裂伤不伴胰管损伤级:严重挫伤不伴胰管损伤或组织缺失,或严重撕裂伤不伴胰管损伤或组织缺失级:胰腺远端横断或实质/胰管损伤级:胰腺近端横断或累及壶腹部的实质损伤级:胰头广泛断裂,Moore EE,Cogbill TH,Malango
5、ni MA,Jurkovich GJ,Champion HR,Gennarelli TA,McAninch JW,Pachter HL,Shackford SR,Trafton PG.Organ injury scaling,II:Pancreas,duodenum,small bowel,colon,and rectum.J Trauma 1990;30:1427-1429 PMID:2231822,损伤分级,此外,还有在1997年提出的CT影像分级;,Wong YC,Wang LJ,Lin BC,Chen CJ,Lim KE,Chen RJ.CT grading of blunt panc
6、reatic injuries:prediction of ductal disruption and surgical correlation.J Comput Assist Tomogr 1997;21:246-250 PMID:9071293,损伤分级,2000年提出的ERCP影像分级;,Takishima T,Hirata M,Kataoka Y,Asari Y,Sato K,Ohwada T,Kakita A.Pancreatographic classification of pancreatic ductal injuries caused by blunt injury to
7、the pancreas.J Trau-ma 2000;48:745-751;discussion 751-752 PMID:10780612,Ilahi O,Bochicchio GV,Scalea TM.Efficacy of computed tomography in the diagnosis of pancreatic injury in adult blunt trauma patients:a single-institutional study.Am Surg 2002;68:704-77;discussion 704-77 PMID:12206605,针对AAST分级的治疗
8、流程,Sharpe JP,Magnotti LJ,Weinberg JA,et al.Impact of a de ned management algorithm on outcome after traumatic pancreatic injury.J Trauma ACS.2012;72:1005.,基于损伤部位的治疗流程,Bif WL,Moore EE,Croce M,et al.Western Trauma Asso-ciation critical decisions in trauma:management of pancreatic injury.J Trauma Acute
9、 Care Surg.2013;75:9416.,Western Trauma Association诊疗流程,诊疗流程归纳,影像学进展,虽然CT技术正在不断改进,但漏诊胰腺和十二指肠损伤(钝挫伤)仍是一个问题,胰管损伤的漏诊率5%-10%。ERCP是最准确的检测和定位胰管损伤的影像学技术,主要适用于腹部CT不能明确是否存在胰管损伤的血流动力学稳定的患者;某些通过ERCP确定的管道损伤可行内镜下技术进行治疗(如胆管支架、胰管支架)。MRCP的一个优点是无创性。对于胰腺损伤的诊断,MRCP的缺点包括耗时,在检查时难以对伤者进行监测,不能进行治疗,而且并非广泛可用。,Rekhi S,Anderso
10、n SW,Rhea JT,Soto JA.Imaging of blunt pancreatic trauma.Emerg Radiol 2010;17:13.Velmahos GC,Tabbara M,Gross R,et al.Blunt pancreatoduodenal injury:a multicenter study of the Research Consortium of New England Centers for Trauma(ReCONECT).Arch Surg 2009;144:413.,治疗原则,一般原则(控制出血、清除坏死、通畅引流)损伤控制原则个体化治疗原则
11、,非手术治疗,对于发生十二指肠(十二指肠血肿)或胰腺(挫伤、表浅撕裂伤)级或级钝性伤的患者,十二指肠和胰腺损伤的非手术性治疗是安全的。对于穿入伤,目前还没有非手术性治疗的报道。对于通过CT或胰胆管造影发现存在胰管损伤的患者,不适合进行非手术性治疗。非手术性治疗主要包括胃肠减压和营养支持。,Cogbill TH,Moore EE,Feliciano DV,et al.Conservative management of duodenal trauma:a multicenter perspective.J Trauma 1990;30:1469.Touloukian RJ.Protocol fo
12、r the nonoperative treatment of obstructing intramural duodenal hematoma during childhood.Am J Surg 1983;145:330.Jewett TC Jr,Caldarola V,Karp MP,et al.Intramural hematoma of the duodenum.Arch Surg 1988;123:54.Biffl WL,Moore EE,Croce M,et al.Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma:ma
13、nagement of pancreatic injuries.J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;75:941.,手术治疗,不伴胰管损伤根据损伤的分级,不伴胰管损伤的胰腺损伤的手术处理如下:级损伤是伴小血肿、轻度包膜损伤及创伤性胰腺炎的轻度挫伤。当在手术室确定轻度挫伤时,无需进行特殊干预(甚至无需引流)。级损伤是未累及主胰管的胰腺撕裂伤。胰腺实质的出血明显,应通过局部清创和引流治疗。,Velmahos GC,Tabbara M,Gross R,et al.Blunt pancreatoduodenal injury:a multicenter study of the
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