《细菌的形态与结构》PPT课件.ppt
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1、,细菌的形态与结构,Morphology and structural of bacteria,A general view of bacteria,Bacteria are a group of phylogenetically related prokaryotes including typical bacteria,mycoplasma,chlamydia,rickettsia,spirochetes and actinomyces.Bacteria are small single cell microbes that have to be observed by microscop
2、es.They are present just about everywhere.Some of them are harmful to us,but many of them benefit our life.,The size of bacteria and the significance of being small,Measure of bacterial sizes:m=1/1000mm,细菌体积微小,相对表面积大,有利于其与外界的物质交换。故细菌代谢旺盛,繁殖迅速,=,Surface 4r2,Volume 4/3 r3,=,r,3,Three typical shapes of
3、 bacteria,杆菌Bacillus,球菌Coccus,螺形菌Spiral-shaped bacterium,弧菌Vibrio,螺菌Spirillum,螺旋体Spirochete,螺形菌Spiral-shaped bacterium,细菌的结构,细胞膜,细胞壁,核质,细胞质,特殊结构,基本结构,包绕在细胞膜外的一层坚韧有弹性的结构含有肽聚糖(peptidoglycan)维持形态、抵抗低渗、物质交换、具抗原性和染色性革兰氏染色法(Gram Stain)可区分细菌细胞壁差别 革兰氏阳性菌(Gram positive bacteria,G+bacteria)革兰氏阴性菌(Gram negativ
4、e bacteria,G-bacteria),细胞壁 Cell wall,聚糖骨架(peptidoglycan backbone):含N-乙酰胞壁酸和N-乙酰葡萄糖胺,两者交替间隔排列,由-1,4 糖苷键相连 四肽侧链(peptide side chain):与聚糖骨架上N-乙酰胞壁酸相连 五肽交联桥(peptide interbridge):连接两个相邻的四肽侧链,细胞壁肽聚糖结构,1.肽聚糖含量丰富,层厚,2050层 2.肽聚糖=聚糖骨架+四肽侧链+五肽交联桥=三维立体结构3.含特有组分磷壁酸,此外,某些菌有特殊表面蛋白,革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁特点,(壁)磷壁酸(Teichoic acid),
5、脂(或膜)磷壁酸(Lipoteichoicacid,LTA),如A族链球菌M蛋白金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白,革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁特殊组分,具抗原性粘附作用,1.肽聚糖含量少,层薄,13层2.肽聚糖=聚糖骨架+四肽侧链=二维平面结构3.肽聚糖层外具有独特的外膜,由脂质双层、脂蛋白 和脂多糖组成,外膜与内膜之间的间隙称周浆间隙,革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁特点,Toxic,anchors in OM,脂多糖=内毒素Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)=Endotoxin,Species or serotype-specific,O antigen,Genus-specific,The cell wall
6、of Gram negative bacteria,OM:Endotoxin:Lipid A gives toxic properties(fever&shock)Negative charge:Protects from phagocytosis OMP:Barrier to some antibioticsO polysaccharides:Serotyping antigensPeriplasm:Rich of enzymesPeptidoglycan:Supporting structure,G-bacteria:functions of cell wall,革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌
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