《生化唐班总论》PPT课件.ppt
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1、BiochemistryPart II,Xianghui Yu National Engineering laboratory for AIDS Vaccine,contents,代谢总论和生物能学(metabolism and Bioenergetics)糖酵解(Glycolysis)柠檬酸循环(The Citric Acid Cycle)糖代谢的其他途径(Additional pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism)电子传递与氧化磷酸化(Electron transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation)蛋白质代谢(Amino
2、Acid Metabolism)脂类代谢(Lipid Metabolism)核酸结构和性质(Structure and properties of nucleic acids)核酸代谢(Nucleotide Metabolism),10.1 metabolism is the Sum of Cellular Reactions,Metabolism is the entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living cells.新陈代谢(metabolism)是生命最基本的特征之一,泛指生物与周围环境进行物质交换、能量交换和信息交
3、换的过程。生物一方面不断地从周围环境中摄取能量和物质,通过一系列生物反应转变成自身组织成分,即所谓同化作用(assimilation);另一方面,将原有的组成成份经过一系列的生化反应,分解为简单成分重新利用或排出体外,即所谓异化作用(dissimilation),通过上述过程不断地进行自我更新。,合成代谢与分解代谢,合成代谢(anabolic reactions):synthesize the molecules needed for cell maintaince,growth and reproduction.生物体内由小分子物质转化成大分子物质的过程,属同化作用的范畴。分解代谢(cata
4、bolic reactions):degrade molecules to liberate smaller molecules and energy.生物体内由大分子物质转变成小分子物质的过程,属异化作用的范畴。,新陈代谢的概念及内涵,小分子 大分子合成代谢(同化作用)需要能量 释放能量分解代谢(异化作用)大分子 小分子,物质代谢,能量代谢,新陈代谢,信息交换,Birds,beasts,plants,and soil microorganisms share with humans the same basic structural units(cells)and the same kind
5、s of macromolecules(DNA,RNA,proteins)made up of the same kinds of monomeric subunits(nucleotides,amino acids).They utilize the same pathways for synthesis of cellular components,share the same genetic code,and derive from the same evolutionary ancestors.,Organisms change their inherited life strateg
6、ies to survive in new circumstances.The result of eons of evolution is an enormous diversity of life forms,superficially very different but fundamentally related through their shared ancestry.,Basic biochemistry:The unit of all life is the cell.Single-celled organisms:Bacteria and protozoa Multi-cel
7、led organisms:All plants and animalsHierarchy of cellular life:Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organisms-Populations,Small molecules of life,What are the elements of living molecules?CHONPS biogenic elements:carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,phosphorus,sulfur Compose 99 percent of the organic matter in living ce
8、lls.,HydrocarbonsHCOctane=C8H18(Lipids)CarbohydratesCHOGlucose=C6H12O6(Sugars)Amino acids CHON(S)Glycine=C2H5O2N(Proteins)Nucleotides CHONP AMP=C10H14N5O7P(DNA,RNA),The Four Molecules of Life,What is the Human Genome Project?,U.S.govt.project coordinated by the Department of Energy and the National
9、Institutes of Health,launched in 1986 by Charles DeLisi.Definition:GENOME the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA.Aims of the project:-to identify the approximate 100,000 genes in the human DNA.-determine the sequences of the 3 billion bases that make up human DNA.
10、-store this information in databases.-develop tools for data analysis.-address the ethical,legal,and social issues that arise from genome research.,Whose genome is being sequenced?,the first reference genome is a composite genome from several different people.generated from 10-20 primary samples tak
11、en from numerous anonymous donors across racial and ethnic groups.,从左至右依次为Venter、Clinton、Collins,2000年6月26日,伟大的时刻终于来临,美国总统克林顿等六国领导人共同宣布人类基因组计划的草图完成。,How is each area benefited specifically by the Human Genome Project?,Improvements in medicine:improved diagnosis of disease.Microbial research:new ener
12、gy sources,bio fuels.DNA forensics:identifying potential suspects at a crime scene.Agriculture:more nutritious produce.Evolution and human migration:study migration of different population groups based on female genetic inheritance.-Risk assessment:reduce the likelihood of heritable mutations.,What
13、are the implications of the Human Genome Project specifically to each of these areas?,Some questions to consider:Fairness and privacy:who should have access to your genetic information?Psychological stigmatization:how does knowing your predisposition to disease affect an individual?Genetic testing:s
14、hould screening be done when there is no treatment available?Some other issues:Reproductive issues:use of genetic information in decision making.Clinical issues:implementation of standards and quality control measures in testing procedures.,E.coli has about 900 genes that encode metabolic enzymes us
15、ed in intermediary metabolism and has about 130 different pathways.These genes accounts for 21%of the genes in the genome.Mycobacterium tuberculosis has about 250 enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism-five times as many as E.coli.,Organisms demonstrate the following common themes,Organisms or ce
16、lls maintain specific internal concentrations of inorganic ions,metabolites,and enzymes.Organisms extract energy from external sources to drive energy-consuming reactions.The metabolic pathways in each organism are specified by the genes it contains in its genome.Organisms and cells interact with th
17、eir environments.The cells of organisms are not static assemblies of molecules.Many cell components are continually synthesized and degraded.,Metabolic pathways are sequences of reactions,Within each of the four areas of metabolism,we recognize distinct sequences of metabolic reactions,called pathwa
18、y.A pathway is the biological equivalent of a synthetic or degradative scheme in organic chemistry.虽然新陈代谢包括数以千计的不同酶催化的反应,但仍可以从错综复杂的代谢网络中总结归纳成一些具有共同规律的途径,并将这些途径称为主要代谢途径。这些主要代谢途径在千差万别的生物界具有相当的普遍性。,Individual metabolic pathways can take different forms.,A linear metabolic pathway is a series of enzyme-
19、catalyzed reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction.A cyclic metabolic pathway is also a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed steps,but the sequence forms a closed loop,so the intermediates are regenerated.In a spiral metabolic pathway,the same set of enzymes is u
20、sed repeatedly.,Metabolism proceeds by discrete steps,A metabolic pathway has many stepsThat begin with a specific molecule and end with a productThat are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme,One reason for multiple steps is the limitied reaction specificity of enzymes.Another reason for multiple ste
21、ps in metabolic pathways is to control energy input and output.Finally,multiple steps provide opportunities to establish control points.,Burning vs.Metabolism,生物体内的氧化过程是缓慢地,逐步将能量释放出来,其中大部分能量转移到一些特殊的化合物中。氧化作用所放出的能量与氧化途径无关,只要最后产物相同,释放出的总能量就相同。,10.2 metabolic pathways are regulated,The flow of material
22、 through a metabolic pathway,or flux,depends not only on the supply of substrates and the removal of products but also on the activities of the enzymes that catalyze individual reactions.,Substrate Specificity of Enzymes,The substrateIs the reactant an enzyme acts onThe enzymeBinds to its substrate,
23、forming an enzyme-substrate complex,The active siteIs the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds,The catalytic cycle of an enzyme,In feedback inhibitionThe end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway through inhibition of an early step,usually the first committed step.Feed-forw
24、ard activation occurs when a metabolic produced early activates an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction further down the pathway.,新陈代谢的调节,生物机体的新陈代谢是一个完整的整体,机体代谢的协调配合,关键在于它存在有精密的调节机制。代谢的调节使生物机体能适应其内、外复杂的变化环境,从而得以生存。新陈代谢的调节主要是:1)靠酶数量和活性的调节 2)细胞中有许多由膜分割的部位,特定的代谢途径在特定的细胞部位进行。3)物质需要在细胞不同的部位间运输,有时还需要在细胞间或整个机体
25、内运输。物质运输的方向、量及速度也影响代谢。,10.3 major pathways in cells,Roles of ATP and NADPH(NADH)in Metabolism,ATP是能量代谢的中心物质,生物体直接利用的能量物质主要是ATP,在分解代谢中,释放出的能量主要用于合成ATP,在需要提供能量的反应或其它生命活动中,主要是由ATP水解来提供能量的,所以ATP是能量代谢的中心物质。ATP不是一种能量贮存物质,而是一种传递能量的分子,因为在一般情况下,ATP分子合成后,在1分钟之内就被利用。,辅酶和辅酶的递能作用,由营养物质的分解代谢释放出的化学能,除了通过合成ATP的途径捕获
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