《环境的道德观》PPT课件.ppt
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1、7/20/2023,1,環境的道德觀,張保興 副教授淡江大學水資源暨環境工程學系,7/20/2023,2,1999年9月21日凌晨1時47分,集集車站內的大鐘走到這個時間,就停住了。,http:/,7/20/2023,3,在921大地震中許多大樓應聲倒下,而未倒的危樓更超出百棟以上。在這些倒塌的斷垣殘壁中,赫然發現沙拉油桶及報紙充斥在樑柱之間,頓時使隱藏幾十年的建築偷工減料問題浮出檯面。,7/20/2023,4,公共建築損毀比率較民間建築高,可能因低價得標制度或監督欠嚴謹或其他原因導致品質粗糙等因素所造成。,7/20/2023,5,921大地震後教育部有如下之來函,7/20/2023,6,教育
2、部 書函,主旨:為提昇我國大學校院土木、建築、水利、環境工程相關系所學生之工作倫理與職業道德,建議各校開設相關課程內容上充實相關知能,請 查照。發文日期:1/24/00發文字號:台(89)高(4)字第89010416號,7/20/2023,7,為何討論環境的道德觀?,其邏輯為:人類的價值觀塑造人類的未來,而道德感又是人類價值觀的一重要部份,故道德感之強與弱將會影響到人類之未來。故本人將針對萬物之未來,進行探討道德心之重要。,7/20/2023,8,DesJardins,JosephR.,Environmental ethics:an introduction to environmental
3、philosophy,Wadsworth,1993.,7/20/2023,9,Outline,IntroductionTraditional ethical assumptionsEnvironmental ethicsThe utilitarians viewDifficulties and challenges against utilitarianEthical issues in economic analysis of environmental problemsDoes economic analysis distort or ignore environmental issues
4、?Some background:want and preference,willingness to pay,allocative efficiency,belief and value.Sagoffs three challenges against economic methods,7/20/2023,10,Introduction,Human desires:Trouble,environmentally:It may cause species extinction and many other problems.中藥-如虎骨、犀牛角等(滋陰補陽、以毒攻毒)吃稀有動物(吃什麼補什麼的
5、觀念)-如熊膽(bear bile)、熊掌、虎骨、虎鞭、燕窩等吃孕婦流產或墮胎的胚胎,據說是大大補用象牙、珊瑚等物品穿獸皮衣,7/20/2023,11,The hope,Science and technology do solve many problems for us.Nuclear fusion,genetic technology,.No desires no market demands no ecological destructions,7/20/2023,12,Introduction-three myths(錯誤的觀念)The first myth,The hope tha
6、t science and technology solve everything for us.Science and technology,in some cases,solve problems locally,but cause harmful effect globally in the long term,e.g.,green house effect(CO2),ozone depletion(CFC),DDT,detergent(ABS).,7/20/2023,13,Introduction-three mythsThe second myth,The experts opini
7、on-people believe the experts in science and technology know best and trust them.Evidence shows that expert usually has a tendency of overconfidence.Experts personal value may be narrow,improper or even biased.,7/20/2023,14,Introduction-three mythsThe third myth,The scientific objectivity-we should
8、not do anything unless our beliefs are validated by science.Science is not the purely objective and value-neutral resource.Science does make mistakes.Many environmental issues are not very clear to scientists,but potential consequences may be severe and costly,e.g.,ecological responses to human acti
9、vities.In many cases,demanding scientific evidence is time consuming and may be too late.,7/20/2023,15,Introduction,Environmental issues raise fundamental questions about how we should live.Such questions are philosophical and ethical,not scientific and technological,questions.Environmental policy o
10、ught to be decided in the political arena and not in scientific laboratories,corporate boardrooms,or government bureaucracies.,7/20/2023,16,Traditional ethical assumptions(1),The inert nature assumption:Nature has no interest and that nothing counts as“good”for nature.Without interest,there is no ro
11、le for a right.The anthropocentric(以人為主的)assumption:A bad case of“speciesism”(Singer,1975).,7/20/2023,17,Traditional ethical assumptions(2),The current generation assumption:“First come,first served.”“Devil takes the hindmost.”“What have future persons ever done for me.”,7/20/2023,18,Traditional eth
12、ical assumptions(3),Consequences:Resources depletion,environmental pollution,ecological destruction,.Chechile,R.A.,Carlisle,Susan,Environmental Decision Making:A Multidisciplinary Perspective,Von Nostrand Reinhold,New York,1991.,7/20/2023,19,Environmental Ethics(1),Environmental ethics presents and
13、defends a systematic and comprehensive account of the moral relations between human beings and their natural environment.Environmental ethics assumes that human behavior toward the natural world can be and is governed by moral norms.,7/20/2023,20,Environmental Ethics(2),Environmental ethics mustexpl
14、ain what these norms areexplain to whom or to what humans have responsibilitiesshow how these responsibilities are justified,7/20/2023,21,Environmental Ethics(3),Some authors speak of different levels of environmental consciousness which suggests that people will understand the world in different wa
15、ys depending on their ethical and environmental sensitivity.,7/20/2023,22,7/20/2023,23,金玉良言,Relations with others are not purely external to the self.My commitment to my friends or my children,to a person whom I love or a social movement in which I believe,may be a part of my own deepest being,so th
16、at when I devote myself to them,my overriding experience is not of sacrificing myself but of fulfilling myself.-The moral philosophers,Norman R.,Oxford:Clarendon press 1983.力行環保與簡樸生活,如乘捷運、不吃稀有動植物等,算是犧牲嗎?不是,是成就自我。,being:PERSONALITY,the quality or state of being a person.人品,fulfill:1.to develop the fu
17、ll potentialities of開發潛能 2.to meet the requirements of 達到(自我)要求,7/20/2023,24,The earth was not given to us by our parents,it was loaned to us by our children.,-Kenyan proverb,7/20/2023,25,The utilitarian view,7/20/2023,26,Main Entry:ethicalPronunciation:e-thi-k&lVariant(s):also ethic/-thik/Function:
18、adjectiveEtymology:Middle English etik,from Latin ethicus,from Greek Ethikos,from Ethos character-more at SIBDate:16071:of or relating to ethics2:involving or expressing moral approval or disapproval3:conforming to accepted professional standards of conduct4 of a drug:restricted to sale only on a do
19、ctors prescriptionsynonym see MORAL-ethicality/e-th&-ka-l&-tE/noun-ethically/e-thi-k(&-)lE/adverb-ethicalness/-k&l-n&s/noun,7/20/2023,27,Two elements of utilitarian theory,The subject:goodThe rule for judging what is an ethical act(or alternative):the act should maximize the good consequences.,7/20/
20、2023,28,Main Entry:hedonismPronunciation:hi:-d akin to Greek hEdys sweet-more at SWEETDate:18561:the doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the sole or chief good in life2:a way of life based on or suggesting the principles of hedonism,7/20/2023,29,Hedonism,Philosophers commonly distinguish between
21、psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism.Psychological hedonism is the view that humans are psychologically constructed in such a way that we exclusively desire pleasure.Ethical hedonism is the view that our fundamental moral obligation is to maximize pleasure or happiness.,7/20/2023,30,What is g
22、ood?-two interpretations,Hedonistic utilitarianism takes pleasure,or at least the absence of pain,to be the only good valued for its own sake.Preference utilitarianism understands the good as the happiness that results from the satisfaction of desires.,7/20/2023,31,Two properties of the good,Good sh
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