《汉译英长句翻译》PPT课件.ppt
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1、汉译英长句翻译合并法拆分法顺译法逆序法插入法,英汉语句子结构差异,Difference:英语是形合语言,句子是树式结构,句法重关系词,重空间构建,以主谓结构为主干;而汉语是意合语言,句子是竹式结构,句法重各个动作实际上或逻辑上的时间顺序来安排各动词在句中的先后位置。英语句子特点:形式完整、重点突出。汉语长句特点:动词突出的平面结构,思路清晰、上下连贯。,汉译英长句翻译技巧,逆序法,合并法,拆分法,插入法,从语义表达的顺序看,有顺译法和逆序译法;从句子形态的变化来看,常用的有合并法、拆分法、插入法。,顺译法,顺译法,是采用原序对译法,也就是顺着往下译(但不是字字对应译)。有些汉语句子的内容结构与
2、英语表达方式比较一致,在翻译时则可按照原文顺序进行翻译。这种方法多用于单一主语的长句,但译者在译文中要分清句中的信息重心。汉语的信息重心在许多情况下不体现在形式上,而体现在内在逻辑关系上。然而英语句子很注重信息的主次之分,主要信息放在突出位置,次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。所以汉译英时,应该把汉语隐性主次关系发掘出来,译成英语的主次表达方式。,我们喝茶时,我不停地打量着她,看她那纤纤玉手,典雅的举止,亮晶晶的黑眼睛,清秀而没有表情的面庞。分析:主干我打量她,后面都是我所看到的细节描写。When we had tea,I could not take my eyes from her sm
3、all,delicate hands,the graceful way she moved,her bright,black eyes,and expressionless clear face.,当他们活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。(2005 年TEM8)分析:单一主语,语义的表述顺序英汉语一致,故顺译。-“总要尽量多工作、多学习”是“他”活着时的动作行为,因而译为主要的表达方式,其它部分译为非谓语动词形式。As long as they are living,they always work and study as hard as possible
4、,unwilling to dream their life away,let alone waste even a single moment of their lives,其中有一半是近5 年才来到温哥华地区的,这使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。(1999 年TEM8)分析:语义表述顺序一致,顺译。原文中“这使聚居地”是华人移民的结果,故而译为现在分词短语。译文:Half of them have come to Vancouver area the past five years only,making it the largest Chinese settlement outs
5、ide Asia,我给那些因为在近旁而极响的爆竹声惊醒,看见豆一般大的黄色的灯火光,接着又听得毕毕剥剥的鞭炮,是四叔家正在“祝福”了;知道已是五更将近时候。分析:原文句子脉络-我被爆竹声惊醒、看见灯光、听见鞭炮声,知道“祝福了”、推算时间等,几层意思按照事情发生的先后顺序展开,译文也可以按照此顺序译出,实现形式与内容的吻合,但要注意在分句间添加适当的关联词。I was woken up by the noisy explosion of crackers close at hand and,from the faint glow shed by the yellow oil lamps and
6、 the bangs of fireworks as my uncles household celebrated the sacrifice,I knew that it must be nearly dawn,在长期的大统一过程中,经济、文化交往把中国各民族紧密地联系在一起,从而形成了相互依存、相互促进、共同发展的关系,创造和发展了中华文明。During the long process of unification,economic and cultural exchanges brought the people of all ethic groups in China closely
7、 together,giving shape to a relationship of interdependence,mutual promotion and mutual development among them and contribution to the creation and development of the Chinese civilization.,顺译法分析和翻译练习,逆序法,汉民族在思维上历来注重“悟性”、“直觉”,强调“先发生的事先说,后发生的事后说”,从整体上汉语表现为意合的语义型语言,语义通过语序表达出来。而英美人偏重理性思维,其语言表现为形合的分析型语言,
8、其语义通过逻辑关系析出。,在句子顺序上,汉语属于逆线性延伸,而英语术语顺线性延伸语言。,比较:This is the catThis is the cat that killed the ratThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the maltThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the houseThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house
9、 that Jack built好好的。照顾得好好的。把一切照顾得好好的。竟然把一切照顾得好好的。他竟然把一切照顾得好好的。没料到他竟然把一切照顾得好好的。的确没料到他竟然把一切照顾得好好的。她的确没料到他竟然把一切照顾得好好的。她说她的确没料到他竟然把一切照顾得好好的。我听她说她的确没料到他竟然把一切照顾得好好的。,汉语句子逆线性延伸特征,即在主要表达部分之前可以增加理论上无穷多的修饰语,而英语的修饰语(尤其是定语)大多是后置,其丰富的连接词使其状语位置灵活多变。因此,我们在翻译汉语长句时,尤其遇到修饰成分(包括词语、小句)比较多的时候,就需要改变语序,有时甚至不得不将顺序完全颠倒,以符合英
10、语的表达习惯。,我们为了照顾大局,于同年秋末在第三方的调解下,开诚布公地多次强烈要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。分析:本句状语颇多。如顺译,一方面会使主语“我们”和谓语部分“强烈要求”相距甚远,增加了读者的理解负担和心理负担,另一方面主语后状语过多过于复杂,句子的“尾巴”太大,句子显得沉重不堪。因此,我们应该考虑分割状语分布,保持句子平衡,使译文清晰易懂。译文:With the third party acting as an intermediary,to take the interest of the whole into account,we strongly demand with fr
11、ankness and sincerity many times at the end of the autumn of the same year that you should compensate all our losses,世界各国的医学专家们多年来一直在致力于构建一整套科学的有关人体健康的标准体系。分析:句子的主干:多年来专家们构建体系。而句中的其他部分则多数充当了定语、状语等。For years,medical experts from different countries have committed themselves to establishing a set of s
12、cientific standard system for human health,中国乒乓球大奖赛的最后一天,刘国梁在男子单打比赛中一举夺魁后,干脆利落地夺得大奖赛的4项冠军。分析:主干刘国梁.夺得冠军在.后。Liu Guoliang completed a clean sweep of four titles after winning the mens singles championship on the final day of the Chinese Table-Tennis Grand Prix.,每天下午四五点钟喝上一杯茶,吃一点烤面包或饼干,相互之间再闲聊几句,这种情景在英
13、国到处可见。分析:本句中,前几个小句是无主句,之后又出现外位复指词“这”来作总结说明,这样的句型如果硬生生译成“At four or five pm in England,people eat some bread or biscuits and have a short chat,this is common in England”贻笑大方。这时需要调整语序,以适应英语的表达习惯。-“这种情景(喝茶、吃面包等)到处可见。”There is a scene to be witnessed everywhere in England at four or five PMwhen people e
14、njoy a cup of tea,with toast or biscuit and with a bit of conversation,讨论翻译,东方明珠广播电视塔位于黄浦江畔,浦东陆家嘴嘴尖上,塔高468米,三面环水,与外滩的万国建筑博览群隔江相望,是亚洲第一,世界第三的高塔。The Oriental Pearl Radio and Television Tower stands on the Huangpu River and at the point of Lujiazui.Surrounded by waters on three sides and facing a row o
15、f buildings of variegated western architectures in the Bund across the river,the 468-meter-tall tower ranks first in Asia and third in the world.Or:Located beside the Huangpu River and at the point of Lujiazui,the Oriental Pearl Radio and Television Tower is surrounded by waters on three sides and f
16、acing a row of buildings of variegated western architectures in the Bund across the river.With its height of 468 meters,the tower ranks first in Asia and third in the world.,合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句。英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时可采用连词、非谓语动词、定语从句、独立结构等方式把汉语短句连成长句。不管是顺译还是逆序翻译,汉译英都不可避免会用到合并法。如,合并法,顺译法中用到合并法的例子,当他
17、们活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。As long as they are living,they always work and study as hard as possible,unwilling to dream their life away,let alone waste even a single moment of their lives,其中有一半是近5 年才来到温哥华地区的,这使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。Half of them have come to Vancouver area the past five years o
18、nly,making it the largest Chinese settlement outside Asia,逆序法融合合并法的例子,每天下午四五点钟喝上一杯茶,吃一点烤面包或饼干,相互之间再闲聊几句,这种情景在英国到处可见。There is a scene to be witnessed everywhere in England at four or five PMwhen people enjoy a cup of tea,with toast or biscuit and with a bit of conversation,再看下例,中国是个大国,百分之八十的人口从事农业,但耕
19、地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、湖泊和其他用地。China is a large country with eighty percent of the population engaged in agriculture,but only one tenth of the land is farmland,the rest being mountains,forests,rivers and places for other uses.,我们用自己动手的方法,达到了丰衣足食的目的。By using our own hands we have attained the objectiv
20、e of“ample food and clothing”.,这种床垫工艺先进,结构新颖,造型美观,款式多样,舒适大方,携带方便。The technological design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns.They are comfortable and convenient to carry.,顷刻之间,滚滚的浊水象堵墙一般压了下来,一股脑儿连人带车都给冲走了。这情景,直到现在还印在我的脑海里。The image of a sudden w
21、all of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.,讨论翻译,现在最大的问题就是日本的某些军国主义分子违背本国人民的意志,妄图掩盖侵华战争中“南京大屠杀”的滔天罪行。The biggest issue is that some of the militarists in Japan,in defiance of the will of the Japanese people,are trying in vain to cover up the tower
22、ing crimes of the bloody“Nanjing Massacre”during Japans aggression against China.,老栓正在专心走路,忽然吃了一惊,远远地看见一条丁字街,明明白白横着。他便退了几步,寻找一家关着门的铺子,蹩进檐下,靠门立住了。(鲁迅:药)Absorbed in his walking,Old Shuan was startled when he saw the T-shaped road junction lying distinctly ahead of him.He walked back a few steps to sta
23、nd under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door.,拆分法,技巧1.语义层次多时分译。汉语句子较长,内容复杂,层次多时通常可断句分译。看下例:,接着,他继续设想,/鸡又生鸡,/用鸡卖钱,/钱买母牛,/母牛繁殖,/卖牛得钱,/用钱放债,/这么一连串的发财计划,当然也不能算是生产的计划。分析:典型的流水句,句意随着说话人的意识如流水般发展下去,内容较多。因而,此句需要断开,将其译为七个短句,层次不仅分明,表达也更清楚。He went on indulging in wishful thinkingChickens would bree
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