《概论抗原》PPT课件.ppt
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1、医学免疫学,二、免疫学发展简史,一、免疫的基本概念、功能和类型,免疫学概论,三、免疫学的分类,免疫 immunity 指机体对“自己”或“非已”的识 别,并排除“非已”以保持体内 内环境稳定的一种生理反应。,一、免疫的基本概念、功能和类型,免疫功能:免疫防御 immunologic defence 免疫自稳 immunologic homostasis 免疫监视 immunologic surveillance,免疫应答 immune response,抗原,430 B.C:Peloponnesian War,Thucydides describes plague the ones who h
2、ad recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a second time.It was also clear that this resistance was specific to the plague disease only.Thus the specificity and memory of immunity was recognized long ago.,The notion of immunity to disease is ancient,1经验免疫学时期,二、免疫学
3、发展简史,The notion of immunity to disease is ancient,Smallpox is a contagious and often deadly disease.,天花病毒 Pox virus,天花,11th centurry:Chinese use dried crusts of smallpox as“vaccine”,survived smallpox became immune to it;deliberately infecting people with mild forms of smallpox could prevent infectin
4、g with more deadly forms and provide life long protection.,The ancient Chinese observed that:,Immunizations have been carried out for a long time,Immunizations have been carried out for a long time,Variolation was an ancient folk practice of vaccination to smallpox.It practiced throughout Asia,Afric
5、a,and parts of Europe.Essentially,it followed a procedure:blisters from diseased skin carrying virus from a smallpox victim was innoculated in the skin or nose.The precursor to the modern vaccine was based on the work of Jenner,who showed in 1798 that pustules from cows diseased with cowpox had the
6、same smallpox protective effect.,In 1789,Noticed that milkmaides that had contracted cowpox did NOT get smallpoxIn 1796,Test on an 8 year old boy,injected cowpox into him Followed by exposure to smallpoxIn 1798,Vaccine was invented(latin vacca means”cow”),1798:Edward Jenner smallpox vaccine,(1)人工主动免
7、疫和被动免疫 的开创主动免疫(active immunity)1880年,法国Louis Pasteur等研制减毒活疫苗(attenuated vaccine).鸡霍乱弧菌减毒活疫苗 炭疽杆菌减毒活疫苗 狂犬病病毒活疫苗,2、科学免疫时期 免疫学科形成和发展时期,被动免疫(passive immunity)1890年德国学者Von Behring等 白喉抗毒素.抗体.血清学与体液免疫学说,Von Behring,Active immunity and passive immunity,(2)免疫应答机制的研究1890年,细胞免疫(cellular immunity)俄国Elie Metchni
8、koff等1897年,体液免疫(humoral immunity)德国Paul Ehrlich 等1903年,调理作用的证实,统一细胞学说与 体液学说 Almroth E.Wright等,(3)抗原与抗原表位,1910 年 Landsteiner 利用偶氮蛋白人工抗原,研究发现化学基是抗原抗体反应特异性的物质基础。抗原表位/抗原决定簇 T细胞表位 B细胞表位抗原性能:免疫原性与免疫反应性,(4)抗体的研究抗体形成机制 指令假设或模板假设(instruction postulate)Breinl等 侧链假设(side chain postulate)Paul Ehrlich等 克隆选择学说(cl
9、onal selection postulate)1959年,Burnet,Frank Burnet 1900-1990Nobel Prize in 1960,Burnet 克隆选择学说,体内存在无数抗原特异性淋巴细胞克隆胚胎期与自身成分反应的淋巴细胞被“禁忌”形成耐受出生后淋巴细胞遇到相应抗原发生特异应答,并形成记忆禁忌细胞突变可导致自身免疫,抗体结构研究20世纪30年代证实,抗体是由浆细胞产生,通过电泳分析证明抗体为免疫球蛋白,属于-球蛋白。1959年,Porter 和 Edelman研究证明,抗体基本化学结构为四肽链结构。,(5)免疫病理概念的形成过敏反应 anaphylaxis(传染性
10、变态反应、接触性皮炎,炎症发展缓慢。而药物过敏性休克是速发型)移植排斥 graft rejection(6)免疫耐受的发现(7)免疫学技术的发展 在此期间,免疫学技术也得到快速发展,建立了间接凝集反应和免疫标记技术,进一步促进了免疫学基础理论的研究和应用。,3.现代免疫学时期,免疫系统的研究,建立了免疫系统的组织学和细胞学基础,抗原识别受体TCR/BCR多样性的产生粘附分子和CD分子细胞因子 cytokine 免疫活化诱导的细胞凋亡 apoptosis免疫遗传学研究抗体多样性MHC(主要组织相容性复合体),MHC 分子 MHC I MHC II,Jean Dauset 1916-,Nobel
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