《林业经营》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Chapter 4Forestry Management第四章林业经营,Section 1 Introduction to forestry management theory第一节林业经营理论概述,Definition of management:management is a kind of economic activity.In the activity,the manager organize the production factors(生产要素),which he or she owned,controlled and can make use of,scientifically

2、 to form realistic force of production(现实生产力),and therefore achieve established objective(既定目标).,1.The main forest management theories in the world（世界主要林业经营理论）,1.1 The theory of multi-function forest（森林多功能理论）森林多功能(经济,社会和生态效益)一体化经营1.2 The theory of forestry division(林业分工理论)即林业分类经营:商品用材林和公益林大的发展方向:森林多

3、效益主导利用,而不是三大效益一体化世界格局:森林资源向南移,木材向北流1.3 The new forestry theory(新林业理论,以森林生态学和景观生态学原理为基础,兼顾森林的多种功能与效益),1.4 The near nature forest management theory(近自然林业经营理论),原始自然状态下的森林:异龄,多树种,多层次,自然更新.其特点是健康,稳定,少灾害,集约经营的人工林:同龄,单一树种,单层次,人工更新.其特点是系统不稳定,地力衰退,多灾害(短期收益高),人类经营,近自然经营,择伐,异龄,混交,Section twoThe forestry manage

4、ment forms第二节林业的经营形式,Forestry management forms and its evolution(林业经营形式及其沿革),解放前,地主资本家私人所有,私人经营,雇佣农民,解放后,国家和集体所有,大而公,生产经营方式单一,改革后,形式多样经营灵活,2.The main forestry management forms in China(我国主要林业经营形式),2.1 Management under contract(承包经营)是集体林业经济和国有林场的主要经营形式.在物质利益上能实现劳动者和经营者的统一,调动积极性2.2 Management under le

5、ase(租赁经营)国有林业企业把一部分生产资料租赁给集体或个人经营.和承包经营一样,都是所有权和经营权相分离.但两者不同.The difference between the two managements mentioned above:(1)承包经营:承包者以承诺交纳一定税利为条件取得经营权,以罚款或扣发工资奖金为承担风险的担保.租赁经营:承租者是以交付租金,取消工资奖金为代价取得经营权,以个人及家庭财产抵押承担风险.,(2)租赁经营的承租者不承担企业发展的责任(3)租赁经营是民事合同,因其是以资产的让渡为标的而形成的当事人之间的权利义务关系.承包经营不构成独立的民事合同,因其是以经营目标

6、为标的而形成的当事人之间的权利义务关系,既有行政关系,也有民事关系.(4)租赁经营的利润纳税后全归承租者;而承包经营的利润要扣除税金,折旧和职工福利后,再按合同中确定的数额或比例归承包者.(5)租赁经营破产要以自己抵押的财产补偿;而承包经营的亏损只负被扣发一定比例的工资奖金或罚款的责任.,2.3 Stock cooperation system(股份合作制)林业股份合作制是按照 分股不分山,分利不分林 的思路,将原来集体拥有的森林资产,以价值形态折价作股,用股票的形式分给应得利益的享有者;而作为森林或林木存在的实物形态,仍保持其生存环境的完整性,采取承包办法实现规模经营。股份合作制分为村林业股

7、东会和多种经营形式的联营实体两大类：2.3.1 村林业股东会:(1)明确产权关系,山权与林权分离,所有权与经营权分离,森林资源的所有者,经营者和生产者的利益融为一体.(2)是容纳多种层次、多种经济成分,配置森林资产、劳力、技术、资金等多种生产要素,发展林业生产力的产权管理制度和经济组织形式,(3)自愿互利、民主管理、独立核算、自负盈亏、积累共有的村林业经济实体.(4)股份设置分山地股、基本股和投资股三种.山地股:集体山地投股,即山地有偿使用费 基本股:村民集体劳动创造的森林资产的再分配 投资股:村民投入的资金、技术、劳力以及 谁造谁有 政 策营造的林木折价入股.2.3.2 多形式的林业联营实体

8、:由不同所有制、不同行业、不同系统、不同单位自愿参股投股形成的.参股投股要素包括:资金,技术,劳力,山场,管理等.其原则是:资源互利,山权不变,林权共有,收益分成,专业管理.形式多样,动员社会力量,拓展林业发展途径,促进林业发展.,2.4 Joint stock system(股份制企业)一种企业财产组织形式,资产经营形式和直接融资的方式.2.4.1 组织形式:股份有限公司(joint stock company limited)公司资本总额平分成金额相等的股份,股东以其认购股份对公司承担有限责任,可以发行股票,每一股有一票表决权.(2)有限责任公司(limited liability com

9、pany)公司的全部资产不分为等额股份,不发行股票,限制股东数,股东以其出资比例享受权利,承担义务.2.4.2 股份制企业的基本类型:(1)开放式的:发行股票,公开募股.(2)封闭式的:只向本企业职工发行股票(3)联合式的:多方投资组建(4)兼并式的:企业间兼并改组而成(5)改组式的:企业自身改组而成,2.4.3 The different between Stock cooperation system and Joint stock system(股份合作制与股份制的区别):(1)股份制是集资手段,将社会闲散的私人资本集合转化为社会资本;股份合作制是原来集体经济成员共有的资产数量化为个人资

10、产,但不分散到个人,仍集中使用.(2)股份制公司的股票具有资产凭证性质,有的还具有流通性;股份合作制公司的股份证只是一种利润凭证,仅与公司的经营成果有关,不受股票市场价格影响,无风险性和投机性;(3)股份制以社会上存在大量游资为条件;股份合作制以现有林木资产为条件.(4)股份制公司与其他社会组织没有固定行政关系 股份合作制公司与村乡有一定的行政关系.,2.5 Enterprise groups(企业集团)是由若干具有内在经济联系的企业,基于共同的利益和一致的目标,在平等、互利互惠原则下,依据共同达成的联合协议、合同或章程,自愿组成的具有多层次组织结构的经济组织形式.2.5.1 企业集团的特点:

11、组织结构高度专业化,克服企业大而全,保持企业间高度专业化的分工协作关系,分工范围更大,更精细,是先进生产力的集合.(2)实现集中优化组合,形成群体优势.遵循经济合理、扬长避短、趋利避害的原则,实现生产力整体功能效应的最优化.(3)控制机制相对独立,不同于一般的企业间的联系.有自己特定的联合章程、管理机构、控制协调手段、规章制度以及分配方式等.,2.5.2 林业企业集团是传统林、工、商一体化的深化发展.有以下特点:集团对成员企业的物资、资金、技术、劳力等生产要素进行统筹配置,形成组织系统;(2)集团内部的育、采、运、销和加工个环节分工明确,衔接密切;(3)成员间盲目竞争、盲目投资现象消失,利益冲

12、突得到理顺.,3.The factors which influence forestry management forms(林业经营形式的影响因素),3.1 The development level of the force of production(生产力发展水平)经营形式(生产关系的表现形式之一)要与生产力发展水平相适应,因此要精确了解生产力的水平,对不同的情况采取不同的经营形式.3.2 The specialties of forestry production(林业生产特点)(1)不同地区有不同的特点(2)不同生产阶段有不同的特点要因地制宜,采取与其特点相适应的经营形式.,3.3

13、 The condition of forest resource(森林资源的 状况)森林资源是林业经营的物质基础,森林资源的状况应该影响到其最佳经营方式的选择.而经营方式的选择,应该有利于森林资源的不断增长并提高总体经济效益.3.4 The specialties of forestry management(林业经营的特点)林业企业与其他企业相比有其独特的地方,如功能的多样性,组织的分散性,企业内部的整体性等,都影响到经营形式的选择.经营形式的选择应便于领导和管理,有利于生产的运行和经营目标的实现.,4.The system of forest land utilization in Ch

14、ina(我国林地使用制度),4.1 The problems in forest land resource management in China(我国林地资源管理中存在的问题)4.1.1 The quantity and quality of forest land resource is not clear(林地面积和林地质量不清)4.1.2 The ownership of forest land is confused(林地权属紊乱)所有权,使用权,开发经营权不分,有的地方是谁占有谁所有,谁开发谁所有.,4.1.3 Shortage of unified control and ma

15、nagement of the growth and decline of forest land(对林地的消长缺乏统一的控制和管理)如征占用林地不履行审批手续,无偿使用林地 等浪费林地的现象.4.1.4 There exist unreasonable exploration of forest land(林地开发利用存在不合理现象)过量开采林地内植物资源,沙石资源等,造成水土流失,土地退化,妨碍林业生产.4.1.5 The organization,mechanism and legal system for forest land management is not integrity(

16、林地管理机构、机制、法制不健全),4.2 The establishment of forest land utilization system(建立林地使用制度)4.2.1 Determine the ownership and the right of use of forest land(确定林地所有权和使用权)我国林地全部属于国家或集体所有根据林业生产周期长的特点,可以把林地长期租给农民,发给林地使用证,避免短期行为.4.2.2 Implement the policy of forest land utilization with cost(实行林地有偿使用制度)you must p

17、ay certain money for using the forest land,4.2.3 Establish the system of inspection and supervision(建立检查监督制度)4.2.4 The central government establish specialized forest land management organization,unify the right of forest land management(国家建立专门的林地管理机构,统一林地管理权限),Section threeThe management system of

18、state owned forest第三节国有林的经营与管理,1.1 Situation before reform and open to the outside worldHigh degree of centralized,administrative management dependent system of organization(高度集中,依靠行政管理的体制).A unitary system of the ownership by the whole people(单一的全民所有制),Unitary instructive plan(单一的指令性计划),equalitaria

19、nism in income distribution(平均主义分配).The result of this management system is:Only attach importance to cutting,not to cultivation;,Current situation and problems of management system of state owned forest(国有林经营管理体制的现状及问题),dramatic decrease of forest ready to use(可采资源锐减);regeneration speed is low(更新造林

20、速度慢),industrial and product structure is unreasonable(产业产品结构不合理);The forest enterprise was in a vicious circle of more cutting,the poorer,the poorer,more cutting(国有林业企业陷入越砍越穷,越穷越砍的恶性循环),1.2 The change after reform and open to the outside world(改革开放后的变化),1.2.1 Practice different management system acc

21、ording to classification of forest resource gradually(逐步实行分类经营)1.2.2 Practice the policy of cost value of forest and the policy of using forest resource with compensation(实行林价制度和森林资源有偿使用)1.2.3 Reformation of ownership system(改革产权制度)1.2.4 Reformation of management form(改革经营形式),1.3 The problems still

22、existed(尚存在的问题)1.3.1 The cultivation,management and utilization of forest resource still affected by old system and can not meet the requirement of market economics(森林资源的培育,管理和开发利用还没有完全摆脱旧体制的制约,尚不适应市场经济要求)1.3.2 The forest resource ready to cut for state owned enterprise is decreasing day by day,and

23、the situation is still severe(国有林可采资源日趋减少,形式依然严峻)1.3.3 The ownership of forest resource is not clear,the system reformation of forestry enterprise lags behind(森林资源产权不清,林业企业制度改革滞后)1.3.4 Forestry investment is not enough,short of funds(林业投入不足,资金严重短缺)1.3.5 Forestry tax is relatively high and social bur

24、den of state owned enterprise is big(林业赋税相对偏重,国有林社会负担沉重),2.Reformation of system organization of state owned forestry enterprise(国有林经营管理体制改革),2.1 Establish scientific management system based on forest resource classification(建立分类经营科学管理的制度)生产性事业单位,实行企业化管理:立地条件好,地理位置优越,资源丰富,经营商品林为主的经营单位.(2)公益性事业单位,实行事

25、业化管理:以生态防护和社会效益为主的经营单位.(3)生产性事业单位,实行事业化管理:经营商品林为主,但条件较差,或者经营公益林为主,但条件较好的单位.(4)森林公园,作为事业单位,条件好的实行企业化管理,2.2 Establish clear forestry ownership system(建立明晰产权制度)2.2.1 Clear up and assess the assets,define assets ownership(清产核资,界定产权)2.2.2 Practice forest resource management under the rule of assets manag

26、ement(实行森林资源资产化经营)促进林木所有权和林地使用权的交易和有偿流转开辟人工林活立木市场,允许通过招标,拍卖,租赁,抵押等形式使森林资源资产变现,实现林木商品化经营.2.2.3 The unit who has legal person assets ownership exercise the management right of the forest assets(拥有法人财产权的单位行使森林资产的经营权),2.3 Establish the rules and regulation of modern forestry enterprise(建立现代林业企业制度),2.3.1

27、Change the management mechanism of big and middle state owned forestry enterprise(转换国有大中型林业企业经营机制)2.3.2 Regulate the inner organization structure of forestry enterprise(实行企业内部组织结构调整),3.Management forms of state owned forest(国有林的经营形式),3.1Goal management contracted by the director of the enterprise(场长

28、目标承包经营)3.2 Management contracted by staff individually,or by family of the staff(职工个人或分户承包经营)3.3 Management contracted by several families as co-contractor(联户或邀伙承包经营)3.4 Stage labour service contract(阶段劳务承包)3.5 Management contract of sub-forestry station(分场或工区经营包干),3.6 Family forestry station manage

29、ment(家庭林场经营)3.7 Contract in which profit is related to production effect(联产联利承包经营,适应于木材加工,林产化工等经营生产)3.8 Joint stock cooperation system(股份合作经营)3.9 Contract management by people from nearby area(社会劳动承包经营)3.10 Management under lease(租赁经营)3.11 Forest industry enterprise groups(森工企业集团公司)3.12 Joint stock

30、system(股份制企业),Section 4 Forestry Property Right第四节林业产权,4.1 definition:产权基本上等同与所有权,包括占有权,使用权,收益权和处分权.(Property right basically equal possess right,includes rights of possession,right of use,usufruct and disposition).4.2 The characteristics of property right(产权的特点)以法占有财产的权利(to own the property by law)

31、产权具有排他性(exclusiveness)(3)产权行使具有限制性(restrictions on its exercise)(4)产权不是一种而是一组权利,可以分解,组合,买卖和转让(5)产权有助于使外部效益内部化(external to internal),4.3林业产权的特点(1)林业产权收益的外部性(2)林业产权排他的有限性(3)林业产权界定和保护的困难性(4)林业产权交易的复杂性(5)林业产权资产的流量性(6)林业产权收益预期的不确定性(7)林业产权计量的困难性,Section fiveSocial forestry第五节社会林业,1.1 Definition of social

32、forestry(社会林业的定义)There are different definitions have been given,the common point for them is:essentially,social forestry is public forestry,the common people participate in it and get benefit from it directly.社会林业定义很多,虽然其侧重点不同,但有共同之处:本质上,社会林业是公众的林业,普通人民直接参与其中并从中获得利益.,Definition and background(定义与背景

33、),1.2 The history and environment background of social forestry emergences(社会林业产生的历史和环境背景)首次提出:1968年,印度林学家 J.G.Westoby.1973年印度政府实施 社会林业计划.1978年第八届世界林业大会(印尼)通过雅加达宣言,强调林业对乡村发展的作用,社会林业受到重视(特别是发展中国家)本理论的产生和流行主要是发展中国家,有其背景原因:,乡村贫困,毁林种田过度樵采乱砍乱伐过度放牧,森林资源减少,环境恶化,解决办法:将林业纳入整个乡村发展规划-社会林业,2.Social forestry sys

34、tem and basic types(社会林业系统和基本类型),2.1 Social forestry in broad sense(广义的社会林业)The broad sense social forestry is targeted at conservation of biological gene,coordination of ecological environment in a whole country or big area.(广义的社会林业是指以保存生物基因,协调全国和大区域的生态环境为目标的社会林业).The social and ecological benefit

35、of forest will play rule in a big area,like a big district,a whole country or even the whole world.(森林的社会生态效益在大范围内发挥作用,涉及一个地区、国家乃至世界).The forestry activities will be organized by the whole society,and benefit a big area.(由全社会组织协调林业活动,在大区域内受益),There are two types of social forestry in broad sense:2.1

36、.1 Social forestry for biological gene conservation,such as natural protection area(保存生物基因的社会林业,如自然保护区)2.1.2 Social forestry for coordination of human living and production environment(协调大区域人类生存,生产环境的社会林业,如防护林体系),2.2 Social forestry in narrow sense(狭义的社会林业)The social and environment benefit of fores

37、t will play rule in a specific community,and the activities will be organized by the community and the participates are local people(森林的社会功能在特定的社区发挥作用,由社区组织林业活动,社区和参与者直接受益).There are three types as listed bellow:Countryside social forestry(乡村社会林业)平原,山区,林区.改善环境,提供林产品,增加经济效益.b.Urban forestry(城市林业)c.So

38、cial forestry in special community(特殊社区的社会林业)工厂,矿区,军营等.,3.Introduction to world social forestry development(世界社会林业发展简介),3.1 Social forestry in India(印度的社会林业)3.1.1 The basic management forms of social forestry in India(1)Farming family forestry(农户林业)农户个体所有,林粮间作,农田林网.(2)Countryside forestry(乡村林业)政府与村庄

39、联营,收入对分.(3)Forestation on the roadside and waterside(路旁水旁造林),(4)Forestation by forestry family in forestry area(林区林户造林)无息贷款,前三年造林管护费林业局垫付,有收入时扣回.(5)Urban forestry(城市林业)由居民,学生,士兵在城市土地上造林3.1.2 The basic experiences of social forestry development in India(印度发展社会林业的基本经验)(1)The government attaches great

40、importance to it and put it into the five years economic development plan(政府高度重视,纳入五年经济发展计划)(2)Perfect organization and management,establish management department of social forestry plan in the government at different levels(组织管理完善,各级政府设立社会林业计划管理部门),(3)Establish nursery widely and provide seedlings

41、and fertilizer free of charge(广泛建立苗圃,免费提供苗木和化肥)(4)Forestry technicians teach farmers forestry techniques free of charge(林业技术人员免费向农民传授技术)(5)Using multi-use fast growing tree species for the forestation,and mainly those species for firewood forest(多用途速生树种,主要是适宜薪碳林的树种)(6)High investment and high produc

42、tivity,intensive management and let the farmers got big revenue in short term.(高投入高产出,使农民短期内获得较高收入)(7)Increase the investment to social forestry by a big margin(大幅度增加对社会林业的投入)(8)Introduce fund from foreign countries(引进国外资金),4.The present situation and problems of social forestry development in China

43、(我国社会林业发展现状和存在问题),4.1 present situation(现状)The history of social forestry in China is longer than India,and the present situation is not bad50年代:四旁植树70年代:农田林网,林粮间作80年代:生态村和山区综合开发目前:两种组织形式:集体经营和村民自营.,4.2 problems(存在问题)a.Ownership and responsibility(权属与责任)b.Combination of short term benefit and long t

44、erm benefit(近期利益与远期利益相结合的问题)c.Relation between interests of partial and local interests and interests of the whole(局部利益与整体利益的关系)d.Give full play not only to obvious function,but also to non-obvious functions(显形功能与隐性功能的发挥问题),5.The development prospect of social forestry(社会林业的发展前景)Bright future!Reason

45、?We need it!,9.Even-aged:Refers to forests in which trees have been established at about the same time and are thus roughly the same age.,10.Forest:In financial discussions,forest refers to land and trees combined.,11.Indirect effects:When a new project is started,indirect effects in the region are

46、the resulting new employment and income in industries supplying and servicing anything related to the project.,12.Industrial wood:Saw logs,veneer logs,poles,pulpwood,and chipsall destined for non-fuel uses.,13.Model:A simplified representation of an actual process,situation,or object;also used as a

47、verb(to model).,14.Multiple-use forestry:Using a forest for many different purposes:can mean many uses on each acre,a mosaic of single uses,one dominant use and other compatible uses,different uses over time,or a combination of these.,15.Old growth:From an economic view,standing timber so old that net annual volume growth is negligible.,16.Optimal rotation age:As defined here,the tree harvest age at which net present value of a forest is maximized;may include timber and non-timber values.Refers to mature timber,but not old growth and not thinnings.,