余思勤主编上海大学统计学.ppt
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1、优秀精品课件文档资料,STATISTICS,制作人 贺富强联系方式,统计学,Reference Book,Text book 1.魏建国主编:统计学武汉理工大学出版社 2002.1 2.张文彤主编:SPASS11.0统计分析教程(基础篇)北京希望电子出版社 2002.6Reference book 1.钱伯海 黄良文主编统计学四川人民出版社1999.8 2.袁卫 庞皓 曾五一主编统计学高等教育出版社2002.9 3.Heinz Kohler:Essentials of Statistics 1998 Scott,Foresman and company 4.Edwin Mansfield:St
2、atistics for Business and Economics 1991 by W.W.Norton&Company,Inc,教学计划,一 统计学第1-6、8、9章 46学时二 统计软件SPSS 10.0 8学时三 自我调查 2学时 共56学时,CHAPTER 1Introduction,1.1 What is statistics,1.1.1 The meaning of the term statistics Most people associate the term statistics with masses of numbers or,perhaps,with the ta
3、b1es and graphs that display them and with the averages and similar measures that summarize them.,Three meanings of statistics,1、statistical work the work of collecting,analyzing and forecasting social and economical data.,2、statistical data a collection of numerical information.,3、statistics is the
4、 art and science of collecting and understanding data.,Statistical data,The four largest companies,ranked by salesGeneral MotorsWal-Mart StoresFord General ElectricThe typical American earns$1235720 and pays$178364 in taxes in his or her lifetime,Statistical data,Graduates of the University of NDM o
5、f Business School had a mean starting salary of$54000 and 94 percent were employed within three months of graduation.The USA drinks more coffee than any other country,an average of 1.75 cups per person per day.The GEC reported revenues of$111,630,000 in 1999,up from$100,469,000 in 1998.The 1999 year
6、 end closing price for a share of common stock was$154.75,up from$102.00 at the end of 1998.,Data in Management,1.Financial statement2.Security prices and volumes and interest rates3.Sales reports4.Market survey results5.Money supply figures6.Production quality measures,The science of collecting,org
7、anizing,presenting,analyzing,and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decision.Data refers to any kind of recorded information,Statistics,1.1.2 Why Study Statistics?,There are at least three reasons for studying statistics1.Data is everywhere2.Statistical techniques are used to make
8、many decisions that affect our lives3.No matter what your future line of work,you will make decisions that involves data.An understanding of statistical methods will help you make these decisions more effectively,Understanding of Data and Decision,Determine whether the existing information is adequa
9、te or additional information is required.Gathering additional information,if it is needed.Summarize the information in a useful and informative manner.Analyze the available information.Draw conclusions and make inferences while assessing the risk of an incorrect conclusion.,1.1.3 Types of Statistics
10、,1、Descriptive statistics a branch of the discipline that is concerned with developing and utilizing techniques for the effective presentation of numerical information.,2、Analytical statistics a branch of the discipline that is concerned with developing and utilizing techniques for properly analyzin
11、g numerical information.,Because analyzing data means drawing inferences from them.this branch of statistics is also referred to as inferential statistics.,inferential statistics,The methods used to determine something about a population,based on a sample.Only 77 percent of high school seniors corre
12、ctly totaled the cost of soup,a burger,fries,and a cola on a restaurant menu.,1.1.4 The objects and characteristics of Statistics,1、objects 统计学的研究对象是社会经济现象总体的数量方面,包括数量多少、现象之间的数量关系和质量互变的数量界限。统计学为人们的统计实践活动提供科学的认识方法,因此统计学是一门方法论性质的社会科学。,2、Characteristics 第一、数量性。统计学以社会经济现象总体的数量方面作为自己的研究对象,从而使得统计学有别于其它以定性
13、分析为主的社会科学,如经济学、社会学、政治学、法学等等。第二、具体性,又称客观性。指统计学研究的是具体的社会经济现象的数量方面,而不是研究抽象的数字。这点使统计学有别于数学。第三、总体性,又称大量性。是指统计学只有通过对大量事物进行研究,或对一个事物的变化作多次观察研究才能得出关于现象总体的结论。第四、社会性。是指统计的研究对象必然受到社会制度、社会规范、社会心理等因素的制约。,统计学社会性举例,70年代三大件,80年代三大件,90年代三大件,目前,自行车 手表 收音机,洗衣机 冰箱 电视机,房屋装修 电脑 空调,汽车 住房 出国旅游,1.1.5 Categorizing,联合国教科文组织在7
14、0年代初期出版的三卷本专著社会科学与人文科学研究中的主要趋势将统计学作为一门独立的社会科学看待。长期以来,我国一直将统计学(即传统的社会经济统计学)划为经济学的二级学科。,我国国家技术监督局于1992年11月1日公布的中华人民共和国国家标准学科分类与代码文件中,将统计学列为与经济学、哲学、法学并列的一级学科,将其划入社会科学门类,并在其下设立十四个二级学科:描述统计学、统计管理学、数理统计学、统计心理学、经济统计学、科技统计学、社会统计学、人口统计学、环境与生态统计学、国际统计学、统计学其它学科等等。还将以上十四个二级学科进一步划分为六十个三级学科,数理统计同时又作为数学的一个二级学科。以上就
15、是“大统计”的基本构想。,统计学可分为三个层次。最高层次的是理论统计学,它起统率作用;处于中间层次的是应用统计学,它是理论统计学在经济、社会、科技等领域的具体应用,起承上启下作用;处于最基层的是统计实证分析,它是运用相应的方法对各领域中具体问题的分析,也是发展与检验统计理论的基础。准确说来,统计学学科体系还应包括统计方法在自然、技术领域中的应用,由此形成了自然科学和应用技术统计学。它们包括:生物统计学、心理统计学、气象统计学、统计物理学、医药与卫生统计学等。这些专门的统计学是统计学(主要是数理统计学)同自然科学和应用技术科学相结合的交叉科学,是具有自然科学和技术科学性质的方法论。,1.1.6
16、The relationship between statistics and other subjects,1.Statistics and Mathematics2.Statistics and modern computing technology SPSSStatistical Product and Service Solution SASStatistical Analysis System,1.1.7 Abuses of Statistics,A reported average can be misleadingCharts and graphs can be used to
17、visually mislead.Misleading with sampling methods:2 out of 3 dentists surveyed indicated they would recommend Brand X toothpaste to their patients.Sometimes numbers themselves can be deceptive.,1.2 Basic Concepts in Statistics,A population is a set of existing units(usually people,objects or events)
18、.,The persons or objects possessing the characteristics that interest the statistician are referred to as elementary units.,1.2.1 Population and Elementary Units,Examples of population,1.all of last years graduates of the economic school2.all currently employed workers in the United States3.all of t
19、he consumers who bought a cellular phone last year4.all currently registered voters in Ohio5.all of the fires reported last month to Tulsa Oklahoma Fire Department.,characteristics,总体具有如下三个特点:第一,同质性。第二,差异性。第三,大量性。,Limited population and Unlimited population,Relativity of population and elementary un
20、it,Hypothetical Populations,The population of all Lincoln Town Car that could potentially be produced by this years Town Car manufacturing process.The population of all consumers who might potentially purchase a cellular phone this year.,1.2.2 Variables,The characteristics of elementary units are th
21、emselves called variables,Any single observation about a specified characteristic of interest is called datum.,我们只关心那些与研究目的有关的标志(属性),A variable that is normally not expressed numerically(because it differs in kind rather than degree among elementary units)is called a qualitative variable.品质标志描述总体单位的
22、品质属性,只能定性描述。,Qualitative Variable,Observations about a dichotomousdikotemes qualitative variable can be made only in two categories:for examp1e,male or female,employed or unemployed,correct or incorrect,defective or satisfactory,elected or defeated,absent or present.,Observations about a multinomial
23、maltineumiel qualitative variable can be made in more than two categories;consider job titles,colors,languages,religions,or types of businesses.,a variable that is norma1ly expressed numerically(because it differs in degree rather than kind among elementary units)is called a quantitative variable.,Q
24、uantitative Variable,Observations about a discrete quantitative Variable can assume values only at specific points on a sca1e of values,with gaps between them.Consider observing the number of children in families,of employees in firms,of students in classes,of rooms in houses,of cars in stock,of cow
25、s in pastures.1/8美元,Observations about a continuous quantitative variable can,in contrast,assume values at all points on a scale of values,with no breaks between possible values.Consider height,temperature.,数量标志与品质标志的混淆问题,存在用数字表示的品质标志,一些属性用两种标志表示均可;,也可对品质标志作量化处理虚拟变量dummy variable,3、标志按其在每个总体单位上的表现是否
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