《广东土地复垦》PPT课件.ppt
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1、土地复垦实施管理要求,二一一年八月 广东,2023/7/14,提 纲,2,2023/7/14,国土部门土地复垦的管理职责,3,2023/7/14,对历史遗留和自然灾害损毁土地复垦的管理职责,4,2023/7/14,对生产建设活动损毁土地复垦的管理职责,5,美国1977年露天采矿与复垦法颁布前已废弃的矿区,由国家通过建立复垦基金的方式组织恢复治理。颁布后出现的土地和环境破坏,按照“谁破坏,谁复垦”的原则进行复垦,国外的法律体系完善,2023/7/14,6,美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等矿业大国都将土地复垦方案纳入采矿许可审查,An applicant for a Mined Land Reclamat
2、ion Permit must submit a Mined Land Use Plan which includes:(申请采矿许可必须提交土地复垦方案)1、an outline of the mining property and the affected land,矿区的描述2、the applicants mining plan,and 采矿方案3、the applicants reclamation plan.复垦方案核心;采矿工艺与复垦方法(Mining and Reclamation MethodsMining and Reclamation Methods.The applic
3、ants mining and reclamation plans shall describe the mining method as designated by the applicant on the basis of current or anticipated mining practices,and the reclamation method,having as its objective the preparation of the affected land for a future productive use.The proposed method of operati
4、ng a mine and the method of reclaiming the affected land to achieve the applicants land-use objective shall be compatible with sound environmental management practices.After the Department has issued a mining permit,the permittee shall not deviate or depart from the mined land-use plan without appro
5、val by the Department.(方案不能变更),2023/7/14,7,2023/7/14,Questa矿土地复垦方案,8,土地复垦计划主要内容:1、在采矿之前的土地条件:(1)土地的当前用途及利用方式(2)按照土壤和相关基础特征、地形、植被等,该土地可能的用途和利用方式。如可能,最好提供土壤调查报告。(3)土地生产力,如果是基本农田,还应加以细分,包括在高水平的管理下,食物、纤维、草料、木产品等农副产品的生产力。2、复垦后土地利用方式及其支持不同利用方式的能力,与当前土地利用政策和计划的关系,以及土地所有者、州政府和当地政府及其代理机构关于土地复垦后土地利用的规划、执行和授权方
6、面的意见。3、将要采用的采矿和复垦工程技术及相关设备的描述;控制地表水排泄和地表积水的计划;空洞及凹地的回填、土壤的压实和平整及植被恢复计划;按照法律规定的标准对粮田、草地和森林土壤的重建、换土及固土计划;每一英亩土地估计的复垦花费。4、完成复垦工作的详细预计时间表。5、使采矿和土地复垦操作与土地所有者和当地政府土地利用计划相一致和协调的相关考虑。6、采取适当的措施,以确保符合当前的空气与水质量法规和其他任何有效的健康与安全标准。,2023/7/14,9,Maps.The mined land-use plan shall be presented in a combination of gr
7、aphic(map)and written(text or narrative)formats.The information to be presented in graphic form shall be submitted on a United States Geological Survey 7-minute quadrangle sheet(unless unmapped at the 7-minute scale,in which case a 15-minute sheet will suffice)which has been enlarged to a scale not
8、to exceed 1=660(preferably 1=200).An equivalent map may be utilized and must be prepared by an engineer,geologist,licensed land surveyor or other person trained in such plan and map preparation.Aerial Photographs.Aerial photographs or maps prepared on an aerial photo base may be used to supplement t
9、he information presented in graphic form.The Department reserves the right to reject aerial photographs on the basis of their being out of date,of poor quality,of improper scale or for other reasons which render them unsatisfactory for the required purpose.,2023/7/14,10,严格、苛刻的审查制度充分的公共参与,Before a co
10、mpany can begin extracting coal,a multitude of government permits federal,state and local are required.The process of obtaining these permits is time-consuming and costly,requiring painstaking analyses of the mining site.Once all the necessary information is compiled a process that can take three ye
11、ars or longer(至少三年,以便使公众有充分的时间了解资讯)the coal company files for a permit application.The law requires that a period of time then be allowed for public review and comment so that citizen concerns are adequately addressed.Additionally,a coal operator must post a performance bond sufficient to cover the
12、cost of restoring the site to assure reclamation(ranging as high as$10,000 per acre).This must be done before a permit can be granted.The bond is not finally released until the final revegetation of the site has been determined to be successful this time period could be up to ten years following rec
13、lamation.,2023/7/14,11,不留痕迹的复垦,或者更好,2023/7/14,12,不留痕迹,加拿大,2023/7/14,13,不留痕迹,2023/7/14,14,保护优质耕地,2023/7/14,联邦法律规定在农田上开矿,矿主必须把农田复垦成有生产能力的土地;如果在基本农田上开矿,矿主必须将表土和犁底层剥离并分层储存,复垦时分层回填,15,复垦成基本农田(Peabodys many reclamation programs include restoring prime farmland.Making sure that crop yields exceed pre-minin
14、g harvests)产量要高于复垦前水平,2023/7/14,16,设立年度优秀复垦奖(best practices),美国,2023/7/14,17,优秀复垦奖,2023/7/14,18,边开采,边复垦,2023/7/14,加拿大,19,2023/7/14,20,2023/7/14,21,2023/7/14,22,重金属污染废弃地进行植物修复,植物固定 植物固定(phytostabilization)是耐性植物利用其自身的机械稳定作用和吸收沉淀作用来固定土壤中重金属的方式,可以降低重金属的生物有效性和防止其进入水体和食物链,从而降低其对环境的污染风险。重金属植物固定技术主要应用于矿山废弃地
15、、城市垃圾填埋场、污水处理厂污泥和各种污染土壤的修复。西班牙At sites contaminated with metals,plants are used to either stabilize or remove the metals from the soil and ground water through different mechanisms.Phytostabilization(植物固定技术)operation for more than 2500 years.The activities were ended in 1991.Mining district is locat
16、ed in Murcia Province,southeast Spain(Fig.1)and covers 50 km2,including five population nuclei with around 20.000 total populations.,2023/7/14,23,(Fig.2)which contain materials of high Fe-oxyhydroxides,sulphates,and potentially leachable elevated contents of heavy metals(mainly Zn,Pb,and Cd)due to e
17、xtreme acidic conditions.(含锌、铅、镉),2023/7/14,24,2023/7/14,25,2023/7/14,after 5 years ofapplication.This vegetation cover includes some nativespecies of the area:Zigophyllum fabago(驼蹄瓣),Piptatherummiliaceum,Dittrichia viscosa,Phragmites australis(芦苇),Helichrysum decumbens(菊科植物),Sonchus tenerrimus.Even
18、thoughafter the application of amendments these spontaneous plantspecies colonized in the plots without seeding,some plant,26,台湾:边坡设计技术,2023/7/14,27,国外特点,1、将复垦方案纳入采矿许可审批申请内容包括采矿后的复垦计划;矿山企业开采前必须有详尽的自然环境调查记载,强行要求矿山企业对矿区破坏的土地及环境予以恢复恢复(复垦)规划未通过审批,州管理机构或者内政不予发放采矿许可证。2、土地复垦方案要有情景分析,有备选方案3、复垦标准:不留痕迹复垦,与周围景
19、观协调一致,或更好4、保护优质耕地如美国:如果在农田上开矿,必须恢复成有生产能力的土地;如果在基本农田上采矿,必须进行表土剥离,并分层存放,分层回填,2023/7/14,28,5、全程的公共参与建立举报网站Lead agencies must conduct an inspection of each surface mining operation within six months of receiving its annual report,and in no event less than once in any calendar year.These inspections must
20、 be conducted using a form developed by the Department of Conservation and approved by the State Mining and Geology Board(SMGB).6、奖励好的典型(Award),2023/7/14,29,政府重视,机构健全安徽淮南,2023/7/14,基本情况 全国十大煤田、全国十三个亿吨煤基地和6个煤电基地之一,矿区总面积3600平方公里,矿区含煤面积 3200平方公里。可采煤层8-13层,总厚度30-40米。2010年产量达到10000万吨。预计到2020年,塌陷区总面积55.36
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