《工业结晶技术》PPT课件.ppt
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1、工业结晶过程,主讲教师:杨亦文工学博士/教授,博导浙江大学化工系制药工程研究所2012.11,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,一、工业结晶概论 Chapter 1 Overview of Industrial Crystallization结晶在工业上的应用 Utilization of Crystallization in Industries结晶产品的表征 Characterization of Crystalline Products溶解度和过饱和度 Solubility and Supersaturation,工业结晶过程 Industrial Cr
2、ystallization,二、成核 Chapter 2 Nucleation初级成核 Primary Nucleation二次成核 Secondary Nucleation工业结晶器中的成核 Nucleation in Industrial Crystallizers,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,三、晶体生长 Chapter 3 Crystal Growth晶体生长过程 Process Involved in Growth of Crystals总的晶体生长过程 The Overall Crystal Growth Process总的晶体生长动力学 T
3、he Overall Growth Kinetics生长弥散 Growth Dispersion,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,四、粒数衡算概念 Chapter 4 Population Balance Concept结晶系统数学模型 Mathematical Model of Crystallization systems粒数衡算 Population Balance通用粒数方程 The General Population Equation分布矩 Moments of The Distribution平均粒度 Average Sizes变异系数 Coe
4、fficient of Variation,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,五、混合悬浮混合产品取出结晶器:一种理想方式 Chapter 5 Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal Crystallizer-An Idealized Configuration混合悬浮混合产品取出概念 Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal Crystallizer ConceptMSMPR方式的粒数衡算 Population Balance for The MSMPR ConfigurationMS
5、MPR结晶器的粒数密度分布当晶体生长速度与粒径无关时 Population Density Distribution for MSMPR CrystallizerSize Independent Crystal Growth RateMSMPR结晶器的粒数密度分布当晶体生长速度与粒径有关时 Population Density Distribution for MSMPR CrystallizerSize Dependent Crystal Growth Rate,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,六、粒数影响因素 Chapter 6 Population F
6、unctions与MSMPR结晶方式的偏差 Deviations from The MSMPR Crystallizer Configuration分级 Classification,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,七、结晶动力学的求取 Chapter 7 Derivation of Crystallization Kinetics纯粹结晶动力学的求取 Derivation of Pure Crystallization Kinetics就外推得到的粒数密度数据的解释 Interpretation Population Density Data Obtain
7、ed Resorting to Extrapolation受粒数函数影响的结晶动力学的求取 Derivation of Crystallization Kinetics from Distributions Affected by Population Functions,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,八、结晶过程中的物理传递现象 Chapter 8 Physical Transport Phenomena in Crystallization均相液体的混合 Mixing of Homogeneous Liquids固液悬浮物的混合 Mixing of S
8、olid/Liquid Suspensions固液悬浮物中的传质 Mass Transfer in Solid/Liquid Suspensions搅拌槽中的传热 Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,九、结晶系统的取样和分析 Chapter 9 Sampling and Analyzing Crystallizing Systems液相样品的取样和分析 Sampling and Analyzing Liquid Phase Samples固相样品的取样和分析 Sampling and Analy
9、zing Solid Phase Samples,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,十、结晶器设计中基本原理的应用 Chapter 10 The Use of Fundamental Principles in Crystallizer Design 1、物料衡算用于确定结晶器体积 The Use of Mass Balance to Formulate Crystallization Volume 2、粒数衡算概念用于表征产品晶体粒度分布 The Use of The Population Balance Concept to Characterize Pr
10、oduct Crystal Size Distributions 3、工业结晶器中结晶动力学与操作条件的相互作用 Interactions Between Crystallization Kinetics and Operation Conditions in Industrial Crystallizers 4、工业结晶过程中的技术问题 Technical Problems in Industrial Crystallization,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,十一、面向设计的结晶动力学:从小型实验取得的结晶动力学在结晶器设计上的应用Chapter 1
11、1 Design Oriented Crystallization Kinetics Obtained in Small Scale Experiments for Crystallization Design1、取得面向设计的结晶动力学的标准过程 Standardized procedure to derive design oriented crystallization kinetics2、标准结晶动力学在结晶器设计中的应用 The Use of Standard Crystallization Kinetics in Crystallizer Design从小型实验取得的结晶动力学用于
12、大型结晶器设计 The Use of Crystallization Kinetics Obtained in Small Scale Experiments for Design of Large Crystallizers,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,十二、间歇结晶器设计 Chapter 12 Design of Batch Crystallizers间歇结晶操作的概念 Concept of Operation in Batch Crystallization间歇结晶的一个循环 Description of A Cycle in Batch Crys
13、tallization间歇过程的结晶周期 Description of A Crystallization Period in A Batch Cycle间歇与连续操作的比较 Comparison of Batch and Continuous Operation不稳定粒数衡算 The Unsteady State Number Balance加晶种间歇结晶器设计:能量传递的最佳控制 Design of Seeded Batch Crystallizers Featuring on Optimal Control of Energy Transfer,工业结晶过程 Industrial Cry
14、stallization,十三、连续搅拌槽式结晶器设计 Chapter 13 Design of Continuous Stirred Tank Crystallizer混合产品取出的连续全混结晶器的设计 Design of Continuous Well Mixed Crystallizers with Mixed Product Removal强制内循环连续蒸发结晶器设计 Design of Continuous Evaporative Crystallizers with Forced Internal Circulation细晶消除的全混结晶器设计 Design of Well-Mix
15、ed Crystallizers with Fines Removal分级产品取出的全混结晶器设计 Design of Well-Mixed Crystallizers with Classified Product Removal同时消除细晶和分级产品取出的全混结晶器设计 Design of Well-Mixed Crystallizers with Simultaneously Operative Fines Destruction and Classified Product Removal,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,十四、强制循环蒸发结晶器设计
16、 Chapter 14 Design of Forced Circulation Evaporative Crystallizer引言与工作原理 Introduction and Principles of Operation蒸发结晶衡算 Balances in Evaporative Crystallization固体分级 Solids Classification与粒径有关的晶体生长速率 Size Dependent Growth Rates浓度推动力分布 Distribution of Concentration Driving Force液相流动模型 Liquid Phase Flow
17、 Model推动力衡算 Driving Force Balances区域停留时间 Sectional Residence Times拟粒径有关晶体生长速率估算 Evaluation of Pseudo Size-dependent Growth Rates晶体粒径分布预测 Prediction of Crystal Size Distribution,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,十五、晶浆处理:结晶器-离心机-干燥器系统分析 Chapter 15 Slurry Handling:An Analysis of The System Crysallizer-
18、Centrifuge-Dryer管道设计 Design of Pipe Lines阀门选择 Choice of Valves晶浆预浓缩设备 Magma Prethickeners脱水设备 Dewatering Equipment干燥设备 Drying Equipment,工业结晶过程 Industrial Crystallization,参考书目 ReferencesMullin,J.W.,Crystallisation,2nd ed.Butterworths,London,1972.TQ026.5/YM1中译本:胡维杰、宁桂玲等编译,结晶过程。大连:大连理工大学出版社,1991。TQ026.
19、5/H2Jancic,S.J.and P.A.M.Grootscholten,Industrial Crystallization.Delft University Press,Delft,Holland,1984.TQ026.5/YJ1苏联E.B.哈姆斯基著,古涛、叶铁林译,化学工业中的结晶。化学工业出版社,北京,1984。TQ026.5/H1丁绪淮、谈遒著,工业结晶。化学工业出版社,北京,1985。Journal of Crystal Growth.Tung,H.H.,Paul,E.L.,Midler,M,McCauley,J.A.,Crystallization of Organic C
20、ompounds:An Industrial Perspective.New Jercey:John Wiley&Sons,2009.,第一章 工业结晶概论,1.1结晶在工业上的应用 化工、食品、医药、冶金等多领域1.2结晶产品的表征 纯度&强度 形状&外观 晶体粒度分布,众数 mode中值 median size平均尺寸 mean size变异系数 CV,Figure 1.1 Illustration of maximum supersaturation and growth rate at which sound and pure crystals free from inclusions
21、 can be obtained.,Figure 1.2 Typical cumulative undersize weight distributions obtained in continuous crystallization.,Figure 1.3 The relative percentage frequency curve showing commonly used average sizes.,CV%(标准差 standard deviation/平均尺寸 mean size)100%,1.3 溶解度和过饱和度,Figure 1.4 Solubility curve for a
22、 typical substance.,Gibbs-Thomson 方程,CLC*exp(MY/RTcL)eq.(1.1),式中参数:CL:粒径为L的粒子的溶解度,kg/kg solution C*:大粒子的溶解度,kg/kg solution M:分子量,kg/kgmolK Y:固体粒子的表面能,J/m2 R:气体常数,J/molK c:晶体密度,kg/m3 T:绝对温度,K L:晶体尺寸,m,第二章 成核:机理及来源,成核机理可以区分为以下几种情况:,成核 Nucleation,初级成核 Primary,二次成核 Secondary,均相成核 Homogeneous,多相成核 Hetero
23、geneous,2.1 初级成核,Figure 2.1 The analogy of the states of stability between a simple mechanical system and a crystallizing system.,Figure 2.2 Free energy diagram for homogeneous nucleation indicating the existence of a critical nucleus.,均相成核:G kaL2+kvL3(G)v,(2.3),ka 表面形状因子:定义:表面积=ka L2,kv 体积形状因子:定义:体
24、积=kv L3,L为晶体特征尺寸,对于球形颗粒,面积=d2,如果以d为特征尺寸,则ka=;体积=/6d3,如果以d为特征尺寸,则kv=/6。,对于立方体颗粒,面积=6d2,如果以边长d为特征尺寸,则ka=6;体积=d3,如果以d为特征尺寸,则kv=1。,对式(2.3)求最大值,得:,Lc=-2ka/3kv(G)v-(2.5),得临界尺寸:,多相成核:,0,cos1,GHET0 complete affinity0180,GHETGHOM partial affinity180,cos-1,GHETGHOM complete non-affinity,结论:,2.2 二次成核,二次成核,初始产晶
25、,针状产晶,碰撞产晶,杂质浓度梯度,流体剪切力,二次晶核的来源,Figure 2.3 Type of product crystals obtained in pure stagnant solutions,Figure 2.4 Type of product crystals obtained in impure stagnant solutions,Figure 2.5 Type of product crystals obtained in agitated solutions,影响二次成核的因素,影响二次成核的因素有:过饱和度、冷却速率、搅拌速度、晶种尺寸、晶种数量、杂质等。其中过饱和
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