《大气边界层》PPT课件.ppt
《《大气边界层》PPT课件.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《大气边界层》PPT课件.ppt(76页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Chapter 9 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer大气边界层,定义:The portion of the atmosphere most affected by that boundary is calledthe atmospheric boundary layer(ABL),边界层厚度:一般12km,随时间空间变化,从几百米4km。边界层上方为自由大气(free atmosphere)湍流是边界层最重要的特征。,9.1 Turbulence(湍流),大气运动的多尺度Planetaryscale(行星尺度)synoptic scale(天气尺度)Mesoscal
2、e(中尺度)Microscales(微尺度)turbulence scales(湍流尺度),:“湍流是这样一种不规则运动,其流场的各种特性是时间和空间的随机变量,因此其统计平均值是有规律性的。”,9.1.1 Eddies and thermals,当流体含有多种尺度的不规则涡流,称之为湍流。这种涡流称为湍涡(eddies)当流体运动很平稳是,每一个湍涡的尺度迅速变小并逐渐消失(湍涡破碎),大湍涡的能量最终耗散为热能。湍流的主要特征是湍流运动时流体的主要的物理属性如速度、温度、压力等随时间和空间以随机的方式发生变化。,湍流的产生,机械湍流(mechanical Turbulence)热力湍流(t
3、hermal Turbulence)或对流湍流(convective turbulence)惯性湍流(inertial Turbulence),机械湍流(mechanical Turbulence),由风切变产生风切变产生的原因:地面摩擦力,地形建筑等障碍物的阻挡等。,热力湍流(thermal Turbulence),Thermal or convective turbulence,also known as free convection,consists of plumes or thermals of warm air that rises and cold air that sinks
4、 due to buoyancy forces.Near the ground,the rising air is often in the form of intersecting curtains or sheets of updrafts,the intersections of which we can identify as plumes with diameters about 100 m.Higher in the boundary layer,many such plumes and updraft curtains merge to form larger diameter(
5、1 km)thermals.For air containing sufficient moisture,the tops of these thermals contain cumulus clouds,惯性湍流(inertial Turbulence),由大湍涡产生,湍流串级(turbulent cascade)Small eddies can also be generated along the edges of larger eddies,a process called the turbulent cascade,where some of the inertial energy
6、of the larger eddies is lost to the smaller eddies,湍流的能谱(energy spectrum),湍流能量(湍能)(Turbulence kinetic energy)(TKE),湍能是不保守的。由于分子粘性(molecular viscosity)大湍涡耗散成惯性湍流流(毫米尺度)。,9.1.2 Statistical description of turbulence 湍流的统计描述,不同高度处温度的时间序列,瞬时值(instantaneous valuev),扰动值,平均值,方差variance,速度方差基本不随时间变化,湍流是平稳的。速
7、度方差在空间上是均匀的,即 湍流是各向同性的(isotropic)。,协方差,9.1.3 Turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity 湍能和湍流强度,Turbulence kinetic energy,湍能,(TKE),kinetic energy,Richardson number,Ri(理查逊数),Laminar flow becomes turbulent when Ri drops below the critical value Ric=0.25.Flows for which Ric 0.25 are said to be
8、dynamically unstable.Turbulent flow often stays turbulent,even for Richardson numbers as large as 1.0,but becomes laminar at larger values of Ri.The presence or absence of turbulence for 0.25 Ri 1.0 depends on the history of the flow:a ehavior is analogous to hysteresis.,9.1.4 Turbulent transport an
9、d fluxes湍流输送和通量,热通量(heat flux),热通量大于零,热量向上输送。热通量小于零,热量向下输送。,9.1.5 Turbulence closure湍流闭合,建立关于平均量的大气运动和热力学方程组,称为雷诺平均方程(Reynolds averaging),其中,令,湍流应力(也称为雷诺应力),边界层大气方程组中出现湍流应力、热通量等新的和湍流有关的变量,方程变得不闭合,如为求解热通量,列出关于热量的方程,出现三阶量,列出三阶量方程,则出现四阶量,,建立二阶量和平均量之间的关系,称为一阶闭合(first-order closure),梯度输送理论(gradient-trans
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 大气边界层 大气 边界层 PPT 课件
![提示](https://www.31ppt.com/images/bang_tan.gif)
链接地址:https://www.31ppt.com/p-5489931.html