《大学英语从句》PPT课件.ppt

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1、从 句,从句（subordinate clause）是具有主语部分和谓语部分但不构成分句或独立句子的一组词。从句在句子中可以作为一种句子成份，一般皆由从属关联词所引导。从句有下列六种：主语从句（subject clause）表语从句（predicative clause）宾语从句（object clause）同位语从句（appositive clause）定语从句（attributive clause）状语从句（adverbial clause）,在以上六种从句中，其中主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在句子中的功用相当于名词，因此这四种又通称为名词性从句。引导名词从句的连接词主要有三类

2、：从属连词that,whether,if;连接代词 who,whom,whose,which,what,whatever,whoever,whichever;连接副词 when,where,why,how,wherever 从属连词只起连接作用，不作从句的成分；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句中的成分。,1.主语从句（subject clause）在复合句中，用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1)从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance

3、between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2)从属连词whether(注：if 不能引导主语从句)。如：Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。,1.主语从句（subject clause）在复合句中，用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(3)连接代词who,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever(注：whom 不能引导主语从句);连接副词 where,when,how,why,wherever。如：What she did is not yet

4、known.她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone.这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome.不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home-my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。,说明：由于英语句子表达一般要避免头重脚轻，所以有些句子把it放在句道，作形式上的主语，而把主语从句放在后面。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A.It+be+形容词+从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫

5、无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。It was not clear to me why he behaved like that.我不太清楚他为什么会这样做。,说明：由于英语句子表达一般要避免头重脚轻，所以有些句子把it放在句道，作形式上的主语，而把主语从句放在后面。常以it作形式主语的句型有：B.It+be+名词+从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go.很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the

6、 game.我们没赢这场比赛真意外。It is a question whether it is true or not.这是不是真的还是个问题。,说明：由于英语句子表达一般要避免头重脚轻，所以有些句子把it放在句道，作形式上的主语，而把主语从句放在后面。常以it作形式主语的句型有：C.It+be+过去分词+从句。如：It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.

7、据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。It is not decided who will go there.谁将去那里还没有决定。,D.It+动词（+宾语或状语）+从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.Alice似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。It struck me that we ought to make a new plan.我忽然想起我们应制订一个新计划。It doesnt matter whether she will c

8、ome or not.她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。,E.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?他们明天不来很要紧吗？,F.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it

9、作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet!孩子们这么安静真奇怪！注意连接代词whoever,whatever,whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome.(whoever=the person who)来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right.(whatever=the thing that)他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.(whicheve

10、r=anyone of you who)你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。,2.表语从句（predicative clause）在复合句中，起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。作表语的从句有下列三类：（1）由that 引导的表语从句：The trouble is that we are short of funds.困难是我们缺乏资金。My idea is that the plan should be carried out immediately.我的意思是马上执行这个计划。在口语中that有时可省略：The reason was(that)he was afraid.原因是他害怕。,2.表语从

11、句（predicative clause）在复合句中，起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。作表语的从句有下列三类：（2）由关系代词what 引导的表语从句：That is what we should do 这是我们应该做的。Asia is no longer what it used to be.亚洲现在己不是过去的样子了。That is what I heard.这是我听到的情况。,2.表语从句（predicative clause）(3)由连接副（代）词及because,as,as if/though引导的表语从句：The problem is who we can get to replac

12、e her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。The mystery is whether he ever went there at all.他是否去过那里是个谜。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。Thats why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。,2.表语从句（predicative clause）作表语的从句有下列三类：说明：可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，ap

13、pear,remain等。The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。At that time，it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word.当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。,2.表语从句（predicative clause）作表语的从句有下列三类：说明：what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。The reason why I was sad was t

14、hat he didnt understand me.我难过的原因是他没有理解我。,2.表语从句（predicative clause）作表语的从句有下列三类：说明：使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。My suggestion is that we（should）start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。,3.宾语从句（object clause）在复合句中，起宾语作用

15、的从句叫做宾语从句。所有引导名词从句的连接词都可引导宾语从句。（1）由从属连词that,if,whether.引导的宾语从句that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.如：He told me that he would go to the college the next year.他告诉我他明年上大学.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.,3.宾语从句（objec

16、t clause）在复合句中，起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。所有引导名词从句的连接词都可引导宾语从句。if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，则应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；

17、此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。,3.宾语从句（object clause）(2)由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等引导的宾语从句。Do you know who has won the game?你知道谁赢了比赛？The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.I havent decided yet which would be the best thing to d

18、o.我还未决定最好是做什么。,3.宾语从句（object clause）（3）由连接副词when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等引导的宾语从句。He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?This depends on how hard you work.这取决于你工作的努力程度。,3.宾语从句（object clause）说明：如果

19、宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：I think it advisable that you should be on time.我认为你准时是非常明智的。He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他已说明本次会议不推迟。,3.宾语从句（object clause）说明：作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except,but,in,besides,save 后。如：He is a good student except that he is carel

20、ess.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。Men differ from animals in that they can speak and think.人与动物的区别就在于人有语言和思维。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你的。Ill see to it that everything is ready on time.我将确保按时做好一切准备。,3.宾语从句（object clause）宾语从句的否定转移。在think,believe,suppo

21、se,expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I dont think you are right.我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。,3.宾语从句（object clause）宾语从句的时态变化规律：A 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。Ill tell you why I asked you to come.我告诉你

22、我为什么叫你来。B 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.,4.同位语从句（appositive clause）（1）在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名

23、词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在这里。,4.同位语从句（appositive clause）（2）可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he won

24、t be able to see you this afternoon我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。,4.同位语从句（appositive clause）（3）英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：I have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。,4.同位语从句

25、（appositive clause）（4）有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。,4.同位语从句（appositive clause）（5）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面

26、名词的内容；定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。The news that l have passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）,4.同位语从句（appositive clause）（5）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。关系词在句中是否做成分。The idea that co

27、mputers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）,4.同位语从句（appositive clause）（5）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。从句是否有疑问的意义。Do you remember the day when I told you that I loved you?(when引导的从句不表示

28、疑问，所以这是一个定语从句）I have asked the question why it was true just now.(why引导的从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句）,5 定语从句（attributive clause）定语从句：又称关系从句，在复合句中起定语作用，修饰名词或代词，有时也可修饰整个主句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的词关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用：a.引导定语从句 b.代替先行词 c.在定语从句中担当

29、一个成分,如主语、宾语、定语、状语等。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（1）限制性和非限制性定语从句定语从句就其与先行词的语义关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句（restrictive attributive clause）和非限定性定语从句（non-restrictive attributive clause）。限定性定语从句与其先行词的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行词的名词便不能明确表示其所指的对象。所有的关系代词和关系副词都能引导限定性定语从句。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。关系代词和关系副词

30、除了that、why、but之外都可引导非限定性定语从句。如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（1）限制性和非限制性定语从句说明：当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retir

31、ed last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎

32、没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（2）关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who

33、/that在从句中作主语）He is the man（whom/that）I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语，可省略）,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（2）关系代词引导的定语从句 Whose 用来指人或物，只用作定语。若指物，它还可以同of which互换。如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose/of which cover is green.请递

34、给我那本绿皮的书。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（2）关系代词引导的定语从句 which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语，可省略）,

35、5 定语从句（attributive clause）（3）关系副词引导的定语从句 when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语I still remember the day when I first came to the school.我依然记得我第一次去学校的那一天。where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我的出生地。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（3）关系副词引导的定语从句 why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语I dont know the reason why he looks unh

36、appy today.我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。说明：A关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which“结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用，如：There are occasions when/on which one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请的原因并不清楚。Great changes have taken place in the city where/in which I was born.我

37、出生的地方发生了巨大的变化。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（3）关系副词引导的定语从句Bthat代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。如：His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前

38、居住过的地方。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（4）判断关系代词与关系副词从句中的谓语动词是及物动词时，关系词用关系代词；从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词时，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词。如：This is the place which I visited last year.(visit Vt.)这是我去年去过的地方。It was raining on the day when they arrived.(arrive Vi.)他们是在一个雨天到达的。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（5）介词+关系词 介词后面的关系词不能省略。that前

39、不能有介词。某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词when,where和why 互换。如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。This is the reason why he came late.This is the reason for which he came late.这是他迟到的原因。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（6）关系代词that 的用法A限制

40、性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much，each等修饰时；如All that can be done has been done.所以能做的已经做了。Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.任何一个想成功的男孩都必须努力学习。当先行词被序数词修饰时；如：This is the first place that I want to visit.这

41、是我第一个想去的地方。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（6）关系代词that 的用法A限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时；如：This is the best film that I have seen.这是我看过的最好的一部影片。当形容词被the very,the only,the same,the last 修饰时；如：This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.这是我想买的一本很好的字典。当先行词为既指人又指物的并列名词词组时；如：He talked of the man

42、and the books that interested him.他谈到了他感兴趣的那个人和那些书。当先行词前面有who,which,what等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that has white hair.那个白头发的人是谁？,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（6）关系代词that 的用法B不用that的情况 在引导非限定性定语从句时，不用that 引导；介词后不能用that引导。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（7）as,which引导的非限定性定语从句由as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句

43、，相当于and this或and that。在定语从句中它们都可以作主语和宾语。但as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。如：As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.我们知道吸烟对健康有害。He is an Englishman,as I know from his accent.他是个英国人，我可以从他的口音上了解到这一点。He has to work on Sundays,which he doesnt like.他周日得工作，这一点他是不喜欢的。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（7）as,which引导的非

44、限定性定语从句说明：关系代词as既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可引导非限定性定语从句。当as引导限定性定语从句时，常用在“suchas”“the sameas”的结构中。如；Lets discuss only such questions as concern us.（as作主语）让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题吧。I never heard such stories as he told.(as 作宾语)我从未听过他讲的这类故事。Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.(as 作表语)她对他的态度同她惯常的态度完全一

45、样。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（8）先行词和关系词二合一 Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)无论是谁在公众场所吐痰在这儿将会受到惩罚。The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)那对父母为了送他们的儿子上技术学校会倾尽他们的所有。,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（9）同位语从句与定语从句的区别

46、。同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。The news that l have passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（9）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。关系词在

47、句中是否做成分。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）,5 定语从句（attributive clause）（9）同位语从句与定语从句的区别。从句是否有疑问的意义。.Do you remember the day when I told you that

48、I loved you?(when引导的从句不表示疑问，所以这是一个定语从句。）I have asked the question why it was true just now.(why引导的从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句。）,6状语从句用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time)地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place)原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause)条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condi

49、tion)目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose)让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession)比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison)方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner)结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result),说明：一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。如：I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.

50、我一到北京就给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，不可用will arrive）If he comes back,please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（这是由If引导的条件状语从句，从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，不可用will come back）,说明：状语从句的省略就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行“简化”。状语从句的“简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由although,though,ev