《土壤管理》PPT课件.ppt

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1、第九章 土壤管理Soil management,土壤耕作Tillage,“纵有良田千万顷，收成多少在于耕”。“一年犁出病十年没收成”。我国农民历来十分重视土壤耕作。齐民要术把耕田放在首篇，一来说明种植业从耕地开始，二来也反映出作者对土壤耕作的重视。,土壤耕作是作物生产的重要环节，它消耗大量的人力、物力、资金。所以，农业生产活动的进步，首先反映在土壤耕作的手段上。“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”,土壤耕作的目的Role of soil tillage 不同土壤耕作措施的作用 Effects of different tillage measures 常用的土壤耕作制度（耕法）Tillage syst

2、ems,Chapter Contents,What is Tillage?,The practice of keeping the soil mellow(soft)and free from weeds mechanically(physically)Can be seedbed preparation or post-emergence cultivation,土壤耕作，就是通过机械的物理作用，调节土壤松劲度、土壤表面状态和耕层内部土壤的位置，创造适宜作物生长的土壤水、肥、气、热状况的技术措施。土壤耕作措施的特点：一种措施可以同时起几种作用；一项任务可以由几种措施来完成。,What are

3、 the purposes of tillage?土壤耕作的目的,调节耕层三相比，创造深厚的耕层和适宜的苗床 To adjust the water-air-solid proportion in topsoil；Creating deep tilth and suitable seed bed.除灭杂草 To kill weeds.翻转耕层，翻埋残茬和肥料 To bury crop stubbles and fertilizers.改变土壤耕层构造和地面状况，调节土壤水、肥、气、热因素，翻埋 根茬和肥料，清除田间杂草，控制土传病害，调节土壤微生物区系，为作物播种、出苗和生长发育提供适宜的土壤

4、环境。,What is Soil Tilth?什么是耕层,指耕作措施经常作用的土层，也是作物根系分布最密集的层次。The physical condition of the soilfitness for cultivation,How is good soil tilth developed?如何创造适宜的耕层,适时、适法、适度耕作 till at proper time,proper method and proper frequency to maintain proper aggregation.Too wet during tillage makes soil lumpy,too d

5、ry during tillage makes soil too fine and likely to blow;Over tillage will destroy soil structure and lead to soil compaction.,What is a seedbed?什么是苗床,种子萌发和幼苗汲取营养之所在。Place where seeds germinate&nourish young plants.,Seedbed Characteristics,要紧实，以便种子和根能够接触到土壤颗粒而吸收养分 must be firm to allow seed and root

6、 to come in contact with soil particles to absorb moisture；要有足够的空隙以利于通气、扎根和水分运动 must be porous to allow air to move,root development,water movement.If soil is too loose,rain will wash away young plants；Air and water conduct heat more rapidly than soil,looser soils warm up sooner；Plant residue on sur

7、face insulates,warms up slower,also provides buffer against wind.,What is the definition of a weed?什么是杂草,A plant that grows out of place-tillage can cut roots or bury weeds,Is crop residue a benefit or detriment?作物残茬的利用,Definitely a benefit 当然是有益的It helps control erosion,retain water,improve tilth 它

8、有益于防止土壤侵蚀、保持水分、改良耕层土壤结构。dark soils absorb light,warm up quicker;residue insulates,warms slowerin wet areas soil is plowed;in dry areas leave residue,耕作机具的作用,松碎土壤 to loosen the soil翻转耕层 to turn over the soil混拌土壤 to blend the soil平整地面 to flatten the soil surface压紧土壤 to compact the soil开沟、培垄、打埂、做畦 to m

9、ake furrow and ridges 土壤耕作的作用是通过机具的运用来实现的，因此，土壤耕作的效果和效率取决于机具的性能。,What is primary tillage?什么是基本耕作,入土深、作用强烈、能显著改变耕层物理性状、后效较长的土壤耕作措施。一般在种植作物播种之前进行。the first tillage operation of a seasonloosen soil to permit air and water to penetrate,Equipment for primary tillage基本耕作措施和使用的机械,翻耕 plowing 有壁犁/铧犁 moldboar

10、d plow深松耕 subsoiling/chiseling 深松犁/铲subsoiler/chisel旋耕 rotary tillage 旋耕机 rotary hoe,Moldboard Plow 有壁犁（铧犁）,Inverts soil,turns residue under soil surface.,John Deere,Chisel Plow 凿形犁,Does not invert soil,uses chisels or sweeps that shatter the soil.Leaves residue on surface.,Disk Plow 圆盘犁,Rolling dis

11、ks,similar to moldboard plow,better in sticky soils.,Rotary Hoe 旋耕犁,Hoe wheels on long shaft dig into soil(shallow).Usually mounted on tractor for row crops.,各种基本耕作措施的作用及其优缺点,作用：翻土，松土，碎土。优点：土壤松碎，利于翻埋有机肥和秸秆残茬，杂草、病菌。缺点：跑墒，耗能高，成本高，容易造成水土流失。技术要点：翻耕方法（全翻、半翻、分层翻），时期，深度。掌握宜耕期。,翻 耕,全翻垡：垡片翻转180半翻垡：垡片翻转135分层翻

12、垡：上层垡片翻转180，下层垡片翻转135,翻 耕 plowing,翻耕是世界上应用最广的土壤耕作措施，消耗的动力也最多。耕太浅起不到应有的作用，耕太深翻上来过多的生土，不利于作物生长。,翻 耕 plowing,What is Hardpan?什么是犁底层,Compacted soil layer below the soil surfacecreated by continuous tillage at the same depth.,How can hardpan be corrected?如何消除犁底层,Use a subsoiler.使用心土犁。,各种基本耕作措施的作用及其优缺点,作用

13、：松土。优点：不乱土层，减少跑墒和因耕作造成的土壤侵蚀，特别适合旱地、丘陵、土层薄和白浆土地区；可间隔深松，虚实结合；作用深度大，可打破犁底层；耗能少，成本低；可分散在不同时期进行，不必集中作业；盐碱地深松可保持脱盐位置不动，减轻盐碱危害。缺点：不能翻埋有机肥和秸秆残茬，杂草、病菌。技术要点：掌握宜耕期；可以分层深松。,深 松,各种基本耕作措施的作用及其优缺点,作用：利用犁片的转动松碎土壤，同时切碎残茬、秸秆和杂草。优点：节省动力，作业效率高，成本较低，完成后地面松碎平整。缺点：作用深度浅，一般在1015cm。技术要点：掌握宜耕期。,旋 耕,What is secondary tillage?

14、什么是表土耕作,All tillage operations after primary tillagetill at shallower depth.表土耕作(surface tillage）或称次级耕作(secondary tillage），是配合基本耕作措施使用的入土较浅、作用强度较小，旨在破碎土块、平整土地、消灭杂草的一类土壤耕作措施。,Equipment for secondary tillage表土耕作措施及其所使用的机械,耙 harrowing：破碎土块、平地，形成地表暄土覆盖。耱（盖）dragging：平地、破碎土块，形成地表暄土覆盖。镇压 compacting：压实土壤、破碎

15、土块。旱地顶凌耙耱，播前镇压，起到保墒、提墒的作用。开沟、打埂、做畦、起垄 trenching,ridging,bedding锄 hoeing、中耕 cultivating,Disk Harrow 圆盘耙,Similar to disk plow except smaller discs,tandem.Cuts residue,but leaves on surface.,Compactor,Spike-Tooth Harrow 钉齿耙,Steel spikes that break soil crust,uproot small weeds.,Rod Weeder 杆式除草机,Rod tur

16、ns as it is pulled beneath the soil.Rod turns opposite direction as wheels,lifts weeds and coarse material to surface.Packs seedbed.,看天看地看庄稼看效益,选用耕作措施的依据,：气温、降水、风；因地、因时制宜；：土壤特性、水分状况、地形；：对土壤松紧度、耕层厚度的不同要求；：与社会经济条件相适应。,华北的春耕一开始，过不了几天，远在5000公里外夏威夷的空气抽样站就得知了。（美）卫报：正在消失的地球,土壤的宜耕性与耕作质量,土壤最适合进行耕作的含水量范围称为宜耕范

17、围或宜耕期。土壤水分变化的阶段：流体塑韧酥碎干硬。死坷垃活坷垃,湿耕泽锄，不如归去。齐民要术,What is contour tillage?等高耕作,Strip cropping so that fields are all at the same elevation(along hills)in order toslow water runoff.,Soil management/tillage system 土壤管理/耕作制度,种植制度or轮作制度：冬小麦夏玉米 棉花二年三熟冬小麦：秋深耕耙压播种做畦(冬前压麦)(返青耙麦)(行间除草)夏玉米：铁茬播种中耕-次结合施肥棉花：灭茬秋耕秋耙早

18、春耙盖播种中耕-次,以基本耕作措施命名1 平翻耕作制度 Plowing tillage system2 深松耕作制度 Chiseling tillage system3 垄作耕作制度 Ridging tillage system4 少耕耕作制度 Reduced(or minimum)tillage system5 免耕制 No-till system6 砂田耕作制度 Gravel/pebble mulched tillage system,常用的土壤耕作制度（耕法）Tillage systems,是目前北方普遍采用的土壤耕作制度，一般由三个环节构成：基本耕作：耕翻 表土耕作：耙、耱、镇压 中耕

19、：（针对中耕作物）传统的基本耕作作业入土过浅，形成波浪形的犁底层。,平翻耕作制度 Plowing tillage system,以深松作为基本耕作措施的土壤耕作制度。表土耕作：耙 中耕：（针对中耕作物）应用灵活。,深松耕作制度 Chiseling tillage system,以起垄为主要耕作措施的土壤耕作制度。基本耕作：耕翻/起垄 表土耕作：起垄 中耕：（针对中耕作物）传统的方法是先耕翻，再用手工工具起垄；较先进、效率较高的半机械化做法是耕翻时两次相邻的耕作行方向相对并举例较近，使得翻上来的土层相重叠，再用手工工具修整；先进的做法是用起垄机械一次完成作业。因此，起垄也可以视为一种基本耕作措施

20、。,垄作耕作制度 Ridging tillage system,What is minimum tillage?最少耕作,Only apply the most essential tillage;Delay primary tillage until seeding.铁茬播种 不中耕,What are the benefits of minimum tillage?,1)Soil surface is left covered residue(conserve moisture);2)Residue protects soil from erosion;3)Reduced costs(few

21、er operations);4)Soil tilth improved(less compaction)-Weeds are controlled with chemicals.,No-till is one of the centurys biggest breakthroughs in agricultural technology.It gives meaning to the term sustainable agriculture,because it is practical,profitable,maintains production targets,and protects

22、 soil and water quality on and off the farm.,No-till system免耕制,In a no-till crop production system:the field is left virtually undisturbed from harvest to planting,except for nutrient injection fields are no longer plowed,and plant residues remain on the soil to offer protection from erosion a narro

23、w seedbed is prepared by the planter or drill during the planting operation,to allow adequate seed and fertilizer placement alternatively,the row strip may be pre-tilled during a separate pass weed control is accomplished primarily with herbicides,but shallow inter-row cultivation may still be used for emergency weed control.,No-till Defined 免耕的技术要素,以生物措施代替机械的基本耕作措施松土、改善耕层构造的作用；以化学措施代替传统措施的机械除草、翻埋害虫和病菌的作用。,No-till免耕的技术原理,