《土壤修复材料》PPT课件.ppt

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1、名称：,骨炭粉,一种无定形碳，含7%11%的碳、约80%的磷酸钙和其他无机盐。由脱脂骨头在隔绝空气的条件下经脱脂、脱胶、高温灼烧、分拣等多道工序碳化制得。,简介：,用途：,骨炭粉对重金属的固定效果一方面在于骨炭本身是一种碱性物质可以增加土壤pH，使得土壤重金属以碳酸盐的形式形成沉淀，另一方面骨炭粉的有机物含量比较高，可以增加土壤重金属有机结合态的数量。,Name:Bone charcoal powder,Introduction:A kind of amorphous carbon,carbon containing 7%11%,about 80%of the calcium phosphat

2、e,and other inorganic salts.By defatted bone under the condition of the air through a degreasing,degumming,high temperature calcination,sorting process carbide.,Application:Bone charcoal powder on the effects of heavy metals on the one hand the bone charcoal itself is a kind of alkaline substances c

3、an increase the soil pH,makes the soil heavy metals in the form of carbonate formation of precipitation,on the other hand bone charcoal powder,organic matter content is higher,can increase the number of soil heavy metal organic combination mode.,名称：,硅肥,具有硅(Si)标明量的肥料，属于一种中量元素肥料，属碱性物质。,简介：,用途：,硅肥能显著增加

4、土壤有效硅的含量，与重金属结合成硅酸盐化合物从而增加残渣态重金属的相对含量；同时硅可缓解重金属对植物生理代谢的毒害，提高根系活力和抗性，抑制重金属向上运输和转移。,名称：,沸石,是一种含水的碱金属和碱土金属的架状铝硅酸盐矿物，由通过共用氧连结在一起的硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体三维格架组成，具有疏松、多孔的结构，白度极高。,简介：,用途：,天然沸石具有较强的选择吸附性能、离子交换性能和较大的吸附容量，在改良土壤方面有独特的作用。有研究表明，沸石配以骨炭施入土壤中可有效降低土壤有效态重金属含量，使轻度污染土壤上的蔬菜达到卫生安全标准。,名称：,木炭,是木材或木质原料经过不完全燃烧，或者在隔绝空气的条件

5、下热解，所残留的深褐色或黑色多孔物质，具有大量的微孔和过渡孔。,简介：,用途：,木炭作为改良剂，可以显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸活性酶，并显著提高土壤pH值，不同程度上可以提高土壤细菌和真菌的数量。,name:charcoal,Introduction:Is wood or wood raw material through the incomplete combustion,or in the air under the conditions of pyrolysis,the porous material,the remaining dark brown or black hole h

6、as a large number of microporous and transition,Application:Charcoal as modifier,can significantly improve soil catalase and acidic active enzyme phosphate,and significantly improve the soil pH value,different extent can increase the number of soil bacteria and fungi.,名称：,乙二胺四乙酸,通常叫作EDTA，是一种有机化合物，分子

7、式为C10H16N2O8，是一个六齿配体，可以螯合多种金属离子。,简介：,用途：,乙二胺四乙酸对土壤中各种金属都有很强的螯合能力，对重金属的去除效果明显高于等量水平的水和阳离子表面活性剂。,Name:Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,Introduction:Usually called EDTA is an organic compound,molecular formula for C10H16N2O8,is a hexadentate ligand,can chelate a variety of metal ions.,Application:Ethyl

8、enediamine tetraacetic acid of various metals in the soil has strong chelating ability,the removal efficiency of heavy metal was obviously higher than that of the same level of cationic surfactant and water.,名称：,乳酸乙酯,是一种有机化合物，分子式为C5H10O3，通常由乳酸和乙醇在硫酸存在的条件下酯化而得，无色液体，略有气味，与水混溶，可混溶于醇、芳烃、酯、烃类、油类等有机溶剂。,简介

9、：,用途：,乳酸乙酯具有较强溶解能力、低毒以及很容易被生物降解等优势而被喻为“绿色溶剂”，同时还具有容易循环利用、防锈、无致癌性、对大气层臭氧无破坏作用及比较便宜等特点，使之成为一种令人关注的用于土壤有机污染物提取的助溶剂。,Name:Ethyl lactate,Introduction:Is a kind of organic compounds,molecular formula for C5H10O3,usually by lactic acid and ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid,esterification and,colorle

10、ss liquid,slight odor,miscibility with water and can be mixed dissolve in alcohol,aromatic hydrocarbons,esters,hydrocarbons,oil and other organic solvents.,Application:Ethyl lactate has strong dissolving ability,low toxicity and is easy to the advantages of the biodegradable and described as green s

11、olvents,at the same time also is easy to recycle,rust,no carcinogenicity and no damage to the atmospheric ozone and cheaper etc,make it become a concern of latent solvent for extraction of soil organic pollutants.,名称：,柠檬酸,又名枸橼酸，是一种有机酸，分子式为C6H8O7，无色晶体，常含一分子结晶水，无臭，有很强的酸味，易溶于水。,简介：,用途：,柠檬酸是容易获得的具有一定还原性

12、的天然有机酸，具有良好的生物降解性，可以化学方法制备，也可从植物中提取，价格较低廉。能够有效增强土壤中重金属的解析。,Name:Citric acid,Introduction:Also known as folic acid,is a kind of organic acid,molecular formula for C6H8O7,colorless crystals,often contain a molecular crystal water,odourless,has a strong acid,soluble in water.,Application:Citric acid is

13、 easy to obtain a certain natural organic acids,reducing has good biodegradability,can the chemical preparation methods,can also be extracted from plants,the price is relatively cheap.Can effectively enhance resolution of heavy metals in soil.,名称：,酒石酸,是一种羧酸分子式为C4H6O6，存在于多种植物中如葡萄和罗望子，是一种重要的助剂和还原剂。,简介

14、：,用途：,酒石酸是容易获得的具有一定还原性的天然有机酸，具有良好的生物降解性，可以化学方法制备，也可从植物中提取，价格较低廉。能够有效增强土壤中重金属的解析。,Name:Tartaric acid,Introduction:Is a kind of carboxylic acid,formula for C4H6O6,exists in various plants,such as grapes,and tamarind,is a kind of important auxiliary agent and reducing agent.,Application:Tartaric acid i

15、s easy to obtain a certain natural organic acids,reducing has good biodegradability,can the chemical preparation methods,can also be extracted from plants,the price is relatively cheap.Can effectively enhance resolution of heavy metals in soil.,名称：,草酸,广泛存在于植物源食品中，无色的柱状晶体，易溶于水而不溶于乙醚等有机溶剂，具有很强的配合作用及还原

16、性。,简介：,用途：,草酸是容易获得的具有一定还原性的天然有机酸，能够有效增强土壤中重金属的解析。,Name:Oxalic acid,Introduction:Widely exists in plant source of food,colorless columnar crystals,soluble in water and organic solvent such as insoluble in ethyl ether,has a strong role and reducibility.,Application:Oxalic acid is easy to obtain has ce

17、rtain natural organic acids,reducing effective resolution to the increase of heavy metals in soil.,名称：,双氧水,纯过氧化氢是淡蓝色的黏稠液体，可任意比例与水混合，是一种强氧化剂，水溶液俗称双氧水，为无色透明液体。在一般情况下会分解成水和氧气，但分解速度极其慢。,简介：,用途：,双氧水曾作为氧源用于土壤生物修复以促进微生物的生长，现被用作氧化剂处理土壤中的污染物。,Name:Hydrogen peroxide,Introduction:Pure hydrogen peroxide is pale

18、 blue sticky liquid,can be arbitrary proportion mixed with water,is a kind of strong oxidizer,aqueous solution,commonly known as hydrogen peroxide,colorless transparent liquid.In the general case will decompose into water and oxygen,but the decomposition speed is very slow.,Application:Hydrogen pero

19、xide solution as oxygen source for the soil bioremediation to promote the growth of microorganisms,has been used as antioxidant treatment of pollutants in the soil.,名称：,氢氧化钠,一种具有高腐蚀性的强碱，一般为片状或颗粒形态，易溶于水并形成碱性溶液。,简介：,用途：,氢氧化钠是一种提取液，能够与土壤中的重金属作用，形成溶解性的金属-试剂络合物，将重金属从土壤中提取出来。,Name:Sodium hydroxide,Introdu

20、ction:A highly corrosive strong alkali,generally to flake or granular form,soluble in water and alkaline solution is formed.,Application:Sodium hydroxide is a kind of extract,can with the effect of heavy metals in the soil,the formation of solubility of metal-reagent complex,heavy metals will be ext

21、racted from the soil.,名称：,氯化钙,由氯元素和钙元素构成的盐，化学式为CaCl2。它是典型的离子型卤化物，室温下为白色固体。,简介：,用途：,氯化钙与盐酸溶液是一种非常有效的淋洗剂，可去除污染土壤中的重金属。,Name:Calcium chloride,Introduction:Composed of chlorine and calcium salt,chemical formula for CaCl2.It is a typical ionic halide,white solid at room temperature.,Application:With calc

22、ium chloride solution of hydrochloric acid is a kind of very effective to drench lotion,can remove the heavy metals in the soil.,名称：,木质素,是一种广泛存在于植物体中的无定形的、分子结构中含有氧代苯丙醇或其衍生物结构单元的芳香性高聚物。,简介：,用途：,木质素是一种有机固定物质，能够与Zn、Pb、Hg等重金属离子络合，从而降低重金属离子的迁移性，减少其污染。,Introduction:Is a widely exist in plants in the amorp

23、hous,molecular structure containing oxygen generation of phenyl propyl alcohol or its derivatives the aromaticity of polymer structure unit.,Name:lignin,Application:Lignin is a kind of organic material,fixed with zinc,Pb,Hg,such as heavy metal ions complexation,thus reduce the mobility of heavy meta

24、l ions,reduce its pollution.,名称：,壳聚糖,这种天然高分子的生物官能性和相容性、血液相容性、安全性、微生物降解性等优良性能。,简介：,用途：,木质素是一种有机固定物质，能够吸附Cd、Cr、Hg等重金属离子，减少其污染。,name:chitosan,Introduction:The biological functions of natural polymer and compatibility and blood compatibility,security,microbial degradation and good performance,Applicatio

25、n:Lignin is a kind of organic solid material,can adsorption of Cd,Cr,Hg,such as heavy metal ions,reduce its pollution.,名称：,秸秆,是成熟农作物茎叶（穗）部分的总称。通常指小麦、水稻、玉米、薯类、油菜、棉花、甘蔗和其它农作物（通常为粗粮）在收获籽实后的剩余部分。,简介：,用途：,秸秆作为一种有机物料，其加入到土壤中能改善土壤孔隙度，降低土壤容重、提高水分渗透率，增加有机质含量，在腐解过程中产生的腐殖酸能与环境中的金属离子、矿物质、有毒活性污染物发生相互作用，从而改善土壤中的重

26、金属污染。,Name:straw,Introduction:Is a mature crops the floorboard of the stem(guangzhou)part.Usually refers to wheat,rice,corn,potato,rapeseed,cotton,sugar cane and other crops(usually in the form of coarse grains)in the rest of the seeds after harvest.,Application:Straw as a kind of organic material,i

27、ts added to the soil can improve soil porosity,reduce soil bulk density,increase water penetration,increase content of organic matter,humic acid produced in the process of decay and environment of the metal ions,minerals,toxic active contaminants interact,so as to improve the soil heavy metal pollut

28、ion.,名称：,谷壳,谷壳又名稻子壳，稻谷外面的一层壳。,简介：,用途：,谷壳中的纤维素与淀粉的结构相似，以它为主要原料制备重金属离子捕集剂亦具有原料丰富、产品成本低等优点。,Name:chaff,Introduction:Chaff and rice hull,rice out of a shell.,Application:Chaff of the cellulose and starch structure similar to it as the main raw material preparation of heavy metal ion trapping agent also

29、has advantages of abundant raw materials,low production cost.,名称：,磷酸铁,白色、灰白色单斜晶体粉末。在自然界中以蓝铁矿形式存在。多由铁盐溶液与磷酸钠作用而得。,简介：,用途：,化学固定法是一种廉价有效的修复方法,其关键在于寻找合适的固定剂,国内外大量研究表明,含磷化合物可以有效修复重金属污染土壤。,Name:Iron phosphate,Introduction:White,gray monoclinic crystal powder.In the form of blue iron ore in the nature.Much

30、 by iron salt solution and sodium phosphate.,Application:Chemical fixation method is a cheap and effective method to repair,the key is to find suitable fixative,a large number of studies have shown that both at home and abroad,can effectively repair the heavy metal pollution of soil phosphorus compo

31、unds.,名称：,芬顿试剂,由亚铁离子与过氧化氢组成的体系，也称芬顿试剂，它能生成强氧化性的羟基自由基，在水溶液中与难降解有机物生成有机自由基使之结构破坏，最终氧化分解。,简介：,用途：,芬顿试剂能够有效氧化降解土壤中的石油，其化学氧化不仅不会降低土壤中微生物的活性,而且可以提高后续生物修复的效率。,Name:Fenton reagent,Introduction:System composed of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide,also calls the fenton reagent,it can generate strong oxidizin

32、g hydroxyl radicals,and refractory organic compounds in aqueous solution to generate organic free radicals to structural damage,ultimately oxidative decomposition.,Application:Fenton reagent can effectively oxidation degradation of oil in the soil,the chemical oxidation will not reduce the soil micr

33、obial activity,but also can improve the efficiency of subsequent bioremediation.,名称：,羟乙基替乙二胺三乙酸,化学式C10H18N2O7，熔点为160，水溶外观为白色晶体，在常温常压下稳定。高温分解时放出NxOy、CO、N2、CO2等。,简介：,用途：,可用于螯合金属，对于大部分常见的金属离子都有很强的鳌合作用。它最突出的优点是在碱性溶液中能够与Fe3+形成稳定的鳌合盐，亦能与稀土金属形成稳定的鳌合物。,Name:hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetate,Introducti

34、on:Chemical formula C10H18N2O7,melting point is 160,water soluble for white crystal appearance,stability under atmospheric pressure.Pyrolysis when released NxOy,CO,N2,CO2,etc.,Application:Chelating metal which can be used,for the most common metal ions has the very strong aojiang cooperation with.It

35、 is the most prominent advantage in alkaline solution and Fe3+form stable rock salt,also can form a stable and rare earth metal rock compound.,名称：,酵母菌,酵母是一些单细胞真菌，并非系统演化分类的单元。是子囊菌、担子菌等几科单细胞真菌的通称，可用于酿造生产，有的为致病菌，是遗传工程和细胞周期研究的模式生物。酵母菌在自然界分布广泛，主要生长在偏酸性的潮湿的含糖环境中，而在酿酒中，它也十分重要。,简介：,用途：,酵母菌对柴油有很好的降解作用,尤其对柴油中

36、的直链烷烃有很好的降解效果。,Name:yeast,Introduction:Yeast is some single-celled fungus,not the system evolution classification unit.Be ascomycetes and basidiomycetes unicellular fungi known,can be used in the production,some for pathogenic bacteria,is genetic engineering and cell cycle model of biological resear

37、ch.Yeast are widely distributed in nature,mainly grows in the slant acid wet sugar environment,in the wine,it is also very important.,Application:The diesel oil has good degradation effect on yeast,especially for diesel of alkanes has good degradation effect.,名称：,堆肥,作物茎秆、绿肥、杂草等植物性物质与泥土、人粪尿、垃圾等混合堆置，经

38、好气微生物分解而成的肥料。,简介：,用途：,多作基肥，施用量大，可提供营养元素和改良土壤性状，尤其对改良砂土、粘土和盐渍土有较好效果。堆制方法，按原料的不同，分高温堆肥和普通堆肥。,Name:compost,Introduction:Crop stalks,green manure,weeds and other vegetable matter mixed with soil and human waste,waste dumps,through aerobic microbial decomposition of fertili,Application:As basal,seems big

39、,can provide nutrients and improve soil properties,especially for sand,clay and improved saline soil has a good effect.Composting method,according to the different raw materials,high temperature compost and ordinary compost.,名称：,沤肥,作物茎秆、绿肥、杂草等植物性物质与河、塘泥及人粪尿同置于积水坑中，经微生物厌氧呼吸发酵而成的肥料。,简介：,用途：,多作基肥，施用量大，

40、可提供营养元素和改良土壤性状，尤其对改良砂土、粘土和盐渍土有较好效果。堆制方法，按原料的不同，分高温堆肥和普通堆肥。,Name:Wet compost,Introduction:Crop stalks,green manure,weeds and other vegetable matter with river,pond sludge and human waste into water pit,the microbial anaerobic respiration and fermentation of fertilizer.,Application:As basal,seems big,

41、can provide nutrients and improve soil properties,especially for sand,clay and improved saline soil has a good effect.Composting method,according to the different raw materials,high temperature compost and ordinary compost.,名称：,沼气肥,作物秸秆、青草和人粪尿等在沼气池中经微生物发酵制取沼气后的残留物。,简介：,用途：,富含有机质和必需的营养元素。沼气发酵慢，有机质消耗较

42、少，氮、磷、钾损失少，氮素回收率达95%、钾在90%以上。沼气水肥作旱地追肥；渣肥作水田基肥，若作旱地基肥施后应复土。,Name:The biogas fertilizer,Introduction:Crop straw,grass and human waste in the pool after preparing integrated by microbial fermentation biogas residue.,Application:Rich in organic matter and essential nutrients.Biogas fermentation slow,le

43、ss consumption of organic matter,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium loss,less nitrogen recovery rate of 95%,potassium in more than 90%.Biogas fertilizer for dryland fertilizer;Slag fertilizer for paddy field basal,if dry land should be the complex soil after basal application.,名称：,生活垃圾,比如餐厨垃圾等。,简介：,用

44、途：,能在土壤中分解，转化形成各种腐殖酸物质。能促进植物体内的酶活性、物质的合成、运输和积累。,Name:Living garbage,Introduction:Such as eat hutch garbage,etc.,Application:Can decompose in the soil,the formation of various sorts of humic acid substances.Can promote the plant enzyme activity,the material of the synthesis,transport and accum,名称：,皂角

45、苷,又称碱皂体，皂素，皂甙，皂角苷或皂草苷。苷类的一种。能形成水溶液或胶体溶液并能形成肥皂状泡沫的植物糖苷统称。是由皂苷元和糖、糖醛酸或其他有机酸组成的。,简介：,用途：,皂角苷是修复土壤中重金属常用的化学试剂，皂角苷与重金属可形成稳定的可溶性络合物,大大降低了土壤对重金属的吸附，从而降低了土壤中重金属的毒性和生物可利用性，表明皂角苷对土壤中重金属具有较好的淋洗去除效果.。,Name：saponinssaponins,Introduction:Also known as the alkali soap body,saponin,saponins,saponins or soap grass g

46、lycosides.One of the types of glycosides.Can form or colloidal solution and aqueous solution can form soap bubble plants indican collectively.Is made up of saponins and sugar,uronic acid and other organic acids.,Application:Saponins is commonly used to repair of heavy metals in soil chemical reagent

47、,saponins and heavy metals can form stable complex,greatly reduces the soil adsorption of heavy metals,reducing the toxicity of heavy metals in soil and biological availability,showed that saponins of removing heavy metals in soil has good leaching.,名称：,赤泥,一般含氧化铁量大，外观与赤色泥土相似，因而得名。赤泥的主要矿物为文石和方解石，含量为6

48、0%65%，其次是蛋白石、三水铝石、针铁矿。,简介：,用途：,赤泥修复材料不仅保留了赤泥原料较强的吸附性能,也能有效促进污染土壤中各形态重金属持续向稳定的残渣态转化。,Name：Red mud,Introduction:Containing large amount of iron oxide,appearance similar to red mud,thus its name.Red mud of main mineral is calcite and aragonite,content is 60%60%,followed by opal,sanshui diaspore,goethit

49、e.,Application:Red mud repair materials not only retain the red mud raw materials strong adsorption performance,can effectively promote the form of heavy metals from contaminated soil to stable residual state.,名称：,根瘤菌,与豆科植物共生，形成根瘤并固定空气中的氮气供植物营养的一类杆状细菌。,简介：,用途：,根瘤菌对重金属具有很强的吸附能力，对生态修复起到良好作用，可以削减重金属的生物

50、有效性，从而减轻对植物体的损伤。,Name:rhizobia,Introduction:Symbiosis with leguminous plants,forming nodules and fix nitrogen in the atmosphere for a class of plant nutrition rod-shaped bacteria.,Application:Rhizobia on heavy metal has a strong adsorption ability,have a good effect on ecological restoration,can cut