《副词与副词词组》PPT课件.ppt
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1、The Twelfth Lesson:Adverbs its Phrases,第十二讲:副词和副词词组,副词,按词的构成,分为简单副词(Simple Adverb)和派生副词(Derivative Adverb)。绝大多数的副词都是派生词,即由形容词加后缀 ly 构成,如careful/carefully,angry/angrily,recent/recently,等。当然也有少数副词是由单词素构成,这些副词与形容词同形,如early,late,fast,hard 等。,副词,按其词汇意义,又可分为方式副词(Adverb of Manner),如 angrily,rudely,politely
2、,warmly,slowly 等;程度副词(Adverb of Degree),如almost,awfully,hardly,considerably,much,scarcely,completely,(a)little 等;时间副词(Adverb of Time),如 already,before,late,finally,immediately,recently,yesterday,today,shortly,soon等;频度副词(Adverb of Frequency),如constantly,frequently,hardly ever,never,rarely,seldom,scar
3、cely ever,usually 等;地点副词(Adverb of Place),如 above,below,up,down,there,upstairs,anywhere,everywhere,等;连接副词(Conjunctive Adverb),如therefore,however,moreover,thus;解说副词(Explanatory Adverb),如as,namely等。,1.副词和副词词组的主要用法,2.兼有两种形式的副词,(1)副词在词组中作修饰语,副词能在动词词组、形容词词组、副词词组、介词词组等词组中修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、限定词,以及修饰整个名词词组。a)修饰
4、动词I entirely agree with her.I rather like him.She kind of hoped to be invited.I sort of thought you might say that.这里的entirely,rather,kind of,sort of都是一些程度副词,对随后的动词起强调、强化、弱化等修饰作用。它们是动词词组的组成部分,从而不同于状语(Adverbial)。副词在作形容词、副词、介词等修饰语时,也都是词组成分,而不是分句成分(Clause Element)。,b)修饰形容词,He had an unusually deep voic
5、e(深沉有力的嗓音).Two men were in the street,one of whom seemed slightly familiar.I was that hungry I could have eaten a horse.,c)修饰副词,He drives extremely carefully.Do it right now.副词的上述用法都作前置修饰语,只有enough例外,作后置修饰语:She cooks well enough.He didnt run fast enough.,d)修饰介词和连词,少数几个副词(如well,right,just,soon等)也可用于修
6、饰介词:I cant reach it;its well(远远地)over my head.Theres the house,right in front of you.His parents are dead(完全地)against the trip.,e)修饰限定词,某些程度副词可作前置修饰语修饰限定词。例如:We walked about 5 miles.There were quite a lot of people at Louiss party.They recovered roughly(大约)half their equipment.I didnt have more than
7、 a dollar on me.,类似的用法还有exactly the same,much the same等。例如:This machine is exactly the same in design as the other one.They did it in much the same way.,f)修饰名词和整个名词词组,在非正式语体中,少数几个(如quite,rather等)程度副词能作前置修饰语,置于限定词之前修饰整个名词词组。例如:It takes quite some time.Thats quite a story.Shes rather a fool.,还有一些地点副词和
8、时间副词能作后置修饰语修饰名词,例如the way ahead,the direction back,the hall downstairs,his trip abroad,his journey home,the sentence below,that man there,the meeting yesterday,the meal afterwards,the day before等。,也有些副词,包括上述某些副词,也能作前置修饰语修饰名词。例如:the downstairs part of the housethe above sentencehis home journeyin aft
9、er years(在后来的年月里),(2)副词词组在句中作状语,用作状语的副词词组在句中起三种作用:一是作修饰性状语(Adjunct);二是作评注性状语(Disjunct);三是作连接性状语(Conjunct)。副词词组作修饰性状语,表示动作、过程、状态等发生和存在的时间、地点、方式等。副词词组在用作修饰性状语时,它在句中的位置时比较灵活的,它可以位于句首、句中或句尾,但这也要从词汇意义上看中心词属于何种副词。一般来说,时间副词词组根据修饰需要置于句首、句中、句尾都可以。例如:Recently they had an accident.They recently had an accident
10、.They had an accident recently.,方式副词词组置于句尾者居多。例如:They live frugally(节俭地).He always drives carefully.但有时由于修辞需要也可置于句首。例如:Quietly she walked on and on.Noiselessly she crept across the floor,got the door open without a sound,and was outside.,地点副词词组位于句尾者居多:The captain told the sailors to go below.I read
11、to the bottom of the page and decided to stop there.I couldnt find it though Id looked everywhere.关于副词词组作评注性状语和连接性状语将在以后介绍。在这里举几个例子:Frankly,(坦白地说)I can do nothing about it.Briefly(简而言之),she didnt want to speak to him.Do it now.Otherwise it will be too late.Tom hasnt arrived yet.He may,however,come l
12、ater.在上述前两个例子中,frankly和briefly是评注性状语;在后两个例子中,otherwise和however是连接性状语。,有些副词有两种形式,一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全相同。,(1)关于clean/cleanly,副词clean作“径直地,完全地”解:The bullet went clean through(整个儿地穿过)his arm.I clean forgot(完全忘掉)about it.副词cleanly常作“干净利落地”解:This knife doesnt cut cleanly(切起来不
13、利落).作“清洁地”解,读作kli:nli,较少使用。,(2)关于clear/clearly,副词clear作“完全地、径直地”解:You can see clear(一直望到)to the mountains today.The prisoner got clear away(逃得无影无踪).clear这一用法与clean相同;有时可以交替使用。clear还能作“隔开,不接触”解。例如:Stand clear of the gate(离开门)!You should keep clear of the fellow(不要与那家伙来往).作其他解释时则用clearly,不用clear。例如:Ca
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